Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor

The Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor (simplified Chinese: 宣统帝退位诏书; traditional Chinese: 宣統帝退位詔書; pinyin: Xuāntǒng Dì Tuìwèi Zhàoshū; lit. "Xuantong Emperor's Abdication Edict") was an official decree issued by the Empress Dowager Longyu on behalf of the six-year-old Xuantong Emperor, the last emperor of the Qing dynasty of China, on 12 February 1912, as a response to the Xinhai Revolution. The revolution led to the self-declared independence of 13 southern Chinese provinces and the subsequent peace negotiation between the rest of Qing China and the collective of the southern provinces.

The issuance of the Imperial Edict marked the end of the over 200-year rule of the Qing dynasty,^[a] and the era of Chinese imperial rule, which lasted 2,132 years.^[2] Furthermore, the Imperial Edict established the Republic of China as the sole successor state to the Qing dynasty and provided the legal basis for the Republic of China to inherit all Qing territories, including China proper, Manchuria, Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet.^[3]^[4]^[5]

^ Harris, Lane J. (2018-01-24). The Abdication, 1912. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-36100-3.
^ Guan, Xiaohong (2014-07-03). "Continuity and transformation: the institutions of the Beijing government, 1912–1928". Journal of Modern Chinese History. 8 (2): 176–193. doi:10.1080/17535654.2014.960150. ISSN 1753-5654. S2CID 143605067.
^ Esherick, Joseph; Kayali, Hasan; Van Young, Eric (2006). Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 245. ISBN 9780742578159.
^ Zhai, Zhiyong (2017). 憲法何以中國. City University of HK Press. p. 190. ISBN 9789629373214.
^ Gao, Quanxi (2016). 政治憲法與未來憲制. City University of HK Press. p. 273. ISBN 9789629372910.

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[1] Harris, Lane J. (2018-01-24). The Abdication, 1912. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-36100-3.

[3] Guan, Xiaohong (2014-07-03). "Continuity and transformation: the institutions of the Beijing government, 1912–1928". Journal of Modern Chinese History. 8 (2): 176–193. doi:10.1080/17535654.2014.960150. ISSN 1753-5654. S2CID 143605067.

[Edict2-4] Esherick, Joseph; Kayali, Hasan; Van Young, Eric (2006). Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 245. ISBN 9780742578159.

[Edict3-5] Zhai, Zhiyong (2017). 憲法何以中國. City University of HK Press. p. 190. ISBN 9789629373214.

[Edict4-6] Gao, Quanxi (2016). 政治憲法與未來憲制. City University of HK Press. p. 273. ISBN 9789629372910.

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