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Independence/Democracy

Independence/Democracy
European Parliament group
NameIndependence/Democracy
English abbr.IND/DEM[1][2][3][4]
French abbr.IND/DEM
Formal nameIndependence/Democracy Group in the European Parliament[2][3]
Ideology
Political positionRight-wing[7][8]
European partiesEUDemocrats
From20 July 2004[1]
To1 July 2009
(de facto)[9][10]
Preceded byEurope of Democracies and Diversities
Succeeded byEurope of Freedom and Democracy
Chaired byNigel Farage
Hanne Dahl
MEP(s)37[11][12] (20–23 July 2004)
28[1] (January 2007)
22[13] (24 June 2008)
18[14] (11 June 2009, de facto)
Websitehttp://indemgroup.org/

Independence/Democracy (IND/DEM) was a Eurosceptic[15][16] political group that operated in the European Parliament between 2004 and 2009. At its height in 2004, it had 37 MEPs and it only existed during the European Parliament's 6th term. It was affiliated with the Eurosceptic Europeans United for Democracy party.

Ideologically, IND/DEM was strongly opposed to the European Union and positioned on the radical right within the right-wing spectrum.[17][18][19] It was a very heterogeneous grouping;[20] it also included parties such as the UK Independence Party, Greek Popular Orthodox Rally, French Movement for France, League of Polish Families, and Lega Nord. After the 2009 European Parliament election, IND/DEM lost many of its MPs and was dissolved in favour of the Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD). In comparison, EFD was far-right[21][22] group that was nationalist and more strongly opposed immigration than IND/DEM.[23]

  1. ^ a b c "Postal Services: Liberalisation & Privatisation in the European Union" (PDF). The Communication Workers Union. January 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
  2. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference IDPrague was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference IDDelphi was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ "Fourth Annual Report on Developments in the European Union in 2006, DFA, 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
  5. ^ Mesežnikov, Grigorij; Gyárfášová, Oľga; Smilov, Daniel (2008). Populist Politics and Liberal Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe. Bratislava: Institute for Public Affairs. p. 90. ISBN 80−89345−06−9. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  6. ^ Ruzza, Carlo (2009). "Populism and euroscepticism: Towards uncivil society?". Policy and Society. 28 (1): 87–98. doi:10.1016/j.polsoc.2009.02.007. As a second type of dividing nationalism, (3) euroscepticism is different and particularly prominent in that its main theme allows for more international collaboration than is the case with radical nation-state nationalism. Thus its associations can more easily span national boundaries and constitute international alliances based on international fora. These include European Parliament parties such as the Independence/Democracy Group in the European Parliament, and a civil society organization such as the transnational Research Centre Free Europe
  7. ^ Manners, Ian (2011). "Denmark and the European Union". EU som et politisk system - uviklinger og udfordringer. 8.
  8. ^ "Brexit and Right-Wing Euroscepticism in the European Parliament". www.qmul.ac.uk. 25 April 2022.
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference EUO28403 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference BBCN8129312 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ "The Week, 20 July 2004". Europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference EuropePolitique2004Results was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ European Parliament directory listing for Independence/Democracy Group Archived 20 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference EU2009EU27 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ David Phinnemore; Lee McGowan (2013). A Dictionary of the European Union. Routledge. p. 276. ISBN 978-1-135-08127-0. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  16. ^ Lori Thorlakson (2013). "Federalism and the European party system". In Alexander H. Trechsel (ed.). Towards a Federal Europe. Taylor & Francis. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-317-99818-1.
  17. ^ Pankowski, Rafal (2010). The Populist Radical Right in Poland: The Patriots. Routledge. p. 129. ISBN 9781135150976.
  18. ^ Dočekalová, Pavla (2006). "Radical Right-Wing Parties in Central Europe: Mutual Contacts and Cooperation". Politics in Central Europe. 2 (2): 17.
  19. ^ Mudde, Cas (2007). Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-511-34143-4.
  20. ^ Gora, Magdalena; Styczynska, Natasza; Zubek, Marcin (2020). Contestation of EU Enlargement and European Neighbourhood Policy. Djof Forlag. p. 187. ISBN 9788771983234.
  21. ^ Roy H. Ginsberg, Demystifying the European Union: The Enduring Logic of Regional Integration, p. 170, Rowman & Littlefield, 2010, ISBN 0742566927
  22. ^ Rob Ford, Matthew J. Goodwin, Voting for Extremists, passim, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 041569051X
  23. ^ David Phinnemore; Lee McGowan (2013). A Dictionary of the European Union. Routledge. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-135-08127-0.

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