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Independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) is a major axiom of decision theory which codifies the intuition that a choice between and should not depend on the quality of a third, unrelated outcome . There are several different variations of this axiom, which are generally equivalent under mild conditions. As a result of its importance, the axiom has been independently rediscovered in various forms across a wide variety of fields, including economics,[1] cognitive science, social choice,[1] fair division, rational choice, artificial intelligence, probability,[2] and game theory. It is closely tied to many of the most important theorems in these fields, including Arrow's impossibility theorem, the Balinski-Young theorem, and the money pump arguments.
In behavioral economics, failures of IIA (caused by irrationality) are called menu effects or menu dependence.[3] Violations of IIA in social choice, elections, and sports are called spoiler effects.
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