Inku language

Inku is a variety of the Punjabi language spoken, at least historically, throughout Afghanistan by four of the country's nomadic communities: the Jalali, the Pikraj, the Shadibaz and the Vangawala; all of whom are believed to be of Punjabi descent. Nomadic communities in Afghanistan, whether Inku-speaking or not, are locally known as "Jats" (not to be confused with the Jats of India and Pakistan), a term which is not a self-designation of the groups but rather a collective, often pejorative name given by outsiders.^[1] The reference work Ethnologue has an entry for what could be this language, but under the name Jakati (with the corresponding ISO 639-3 code jat), but that entry is at least partly erroneous.^[2]

Each of the four groups speaks a dialect with slight differences compared to the others.^[3] According to their local tradition, their ancestors migrated in the 19th century from the Dera Ismail Khan and Dera Ghazi Khan regions of present-day Pakistan.^[4] Such an origin suggests that Inku may be related to Punjabi's Saraiki dialects spoken there,^[5] though nothing is conclusively known.^[6]

The total population of the four Inku-speaking groups was estimated to be 7,000 as of the end of the 1970s.^[7] There is no reliable information about their present state, though it is unlikely that many have survived the subsequent upheavals in the country,^[1] and according to the entry in Ethnologue, which however may not necessarily refer to this language,^[2] the last speakers "probably survived into the 1990s".^[8]

Linguistic materials about the varieties spoken by the Shadibaz, Vangawala and Pikraj were collected by Aparna Rao in the 1970s, but they have not been published or analysed yet.^[3]