Intangible asset

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An intangible asset is an asset that lacks physical substance. Examples are patents, copyright, franchises, goodwill, trademarks, and trade names, reputation, R&D, know-how, organizational capital as well as any form of digital asset such as software and data. This is in contrast to physical assets (machinery, buildings, etc.) and financial assets (government securities, etc.).^[1]

Intangible assets are usually very difficult to value. They suffer from typical market failures of non-rivalry and non-excludability.^[2] Today, a large part of the corporate economy (in terms of net present value) consists of intangible assets,^[3] reflecting the growth of information technology (IT) and organizational capital.^[4] Specifically, each dollar of IT has been found to be associated with and increase in firm market valuation of over $10, compared with an increase of just over $1 per dollar of investment in other tangible assets.^[5] Furthermore, firms that both make organizational capital investments and have a large computer capital stock have disproportionately higher market valuations.^[6]