International Classification of Diseases

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a globally used medical classification that is used in epidemiology, health management and clinical diagnosis. The ICD is maintained by the World Health Organization (WHO), which is the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations System.^[1] The ICD was originally designed as a health care classification system, providing a system of diagnostic codes for classifying diseases, including nuanced classifications of a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or disease. This system is designed to map health conditions to corresponding generic categories together with specific variations; for these designated codes are assigned, each up to six characters long. Thus each major category is designed to include a set of similar diseases.

The ICD is published by the WHO and used worldwide for morbidity and mortality statistics, reimbursement systems, and automated decision support in health care. This system is designed to promote international comparability in the collection, processing, classification, and presentation of these statistics. The ICD is a major project to statistically classify all health disorders and to provide diagnostic assistance. The ICD is a core system for healthcare-related issues of the WHO Family of International Classifications (WHO-FIC).^[2]

The ICD is revised periodically and is currently in its 11th revision. The ICD-11, as it is known, was accepted by WHO's World Health Assembly (WHA) on 25 May 2019 and officially came into effect on 1 January 2022.^[3] On 11 February 2022, the WHO stated that 35 countries were using the ICD-11.^[4]

The ICD is part of a "family" of international classifications (WHOFIC) that complement each other, including the following classifications:

• the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) that focuses on the domains of functioning (disability) associated with health conditions, from both medical and social perspectives, and
• the International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI) that classifies the whole range of medical, nursing, functioning and public health interventions.

The title of the ICD is formally the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems; the original title, the International Classification of Diseases, is still the informal name by which the ICD is usually known.

In the United States and some other countries, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is preferred when classifying mental disorders for certain purposes.