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Intra-species recognition

"Species recognition" redirects here. For automated species recognition, see Automated species identification.

Intra-species recognition is the recognition by a member of an animal species of a conspecific (another member of the same species). In many species, such recognition is necessary for procreation.

Different species may employ different methods, but all of them are based on one or more senses.[1] The recognition may happen by the chemical signature (smell),[2] by having a distinctive shape or color (sight),[2][3] by emitting certain sounds (hearing), or even by behaviour patterns. Often a combination of these is used.[1]

Among human beings, the sense of sight is usually in charge of recognizing other members of the same species, with maybe the subconscious help of smell. In particular, the human brain has a disproportionate amount of processing power dedicated to finely analyze the features of a human face. This is why most humans are able to distinguish human beings from one other (barring look-alikes), and a human being from a similar species like some anthropomorphic ape, with only a quick glance.

Some intra-species recognition is learned, for example in waterfowl, known as imprinting.[1][3]

Intra-species recognition has been hypothesised as an explanation for the bizarre and varied structures found in dinosaurs, as it drives rapid evolution without a specific direction.[4] However, this has raised criticism and the prevelance of species recognition in dinosaur evolution is doubted by many,[5] not least because it's a vague concept.[6]

Intra-species recognition systems are often subtle. For example, the chiffchaff and the willow warbler appear similar by eye, but their call distinguishes them greatly.[7] Sometimes, intra-species recognition is fallible: in many species of frog, males commonly misdirect their amplexus (mounting) to other species or even inanimate objects.[8][9]

Heliconius charithonia displays intra-species recognition by roosting with conspecifics. They do this with the help of UV rhodopsins in the eye that help them distinguish between ultraviolet yellow pigments and regular yellow pigments.[10] They have also been known to emit chemical cues to recognize members of their own species.[11]

  1. ^ a b c "How do animals recognise other members of their own species?". BBC Science Focus Magazine. 2010-11-18. Retrieved 2025-05-13.
  2. ^ a b Secondi, J.; Johanet, A.; Pays, O.; Cazimajou, F.; Djalout, Z.; Lemaire, C. (2010). "Olfactory and visual species recognition in newts and their role in hybridization". Behaviour. 147 (13/14): 1693–1712. ISSN 0005-7959.
  3. ^ a b Hailman, Jack P. (1959). "Why is the Male Wood Duck Strikingly Colorful?". The American Naturalist. 93 (873): 383–384. ISSN 0003-0147.
  4. ^ Padian, K.; Horner, J. R. (2011). "The evolution of 'bizarre structures' in dinosaurs: biomechanics, sexual selection, social selection or species recognition?". Journal of Zoology. 283 (1): 3–17. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00719.x. ISSN 1469-7998.
  5. ^ Hone, D. W. E.; Naish, D. (2013). "The 'species recognition hypothesis' does not explain the presence and evolution of exaggerated structures in non-avialan dinosaurs". Journal of Zoology. 290 (3): 172–180. doi:10.1111/jzo.12035. ISSN 1469-7998.
  6. ^ Mendelson, Tamra C.; Shaw, Kerry L. (2012-08-01). "The (mis)concept of species recognition". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 27 (8): 421–427. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2012.04.001. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 22575840.
  7. ^ Trust, Woodland (2025-03-02). "Chiffchaff or Willow Warbler?". Woodland Trust. Retrieved 2025-05-13.
  8. ^ "Why Do Frogs Keep Trying to Mate with the Wrong Things?". Discover Magazine. Retrieved 2025-05-13.
  9. ^ Soni, Shubham P; Apte, Vaishnavi; Joshi, Pranav; Cyriac, Vivek P (2024-07-03). "Barking up the wrong frog: global prevalence of misdirected amplexus in anuran amphibians". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society: blae062. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blae062. ISSN 0024-4066.
  10. ^ Bybee, Seth M., Furong Yuan, Monica D. Ramstetter, Jorge Llorente-Bousquets, Robert D. Reed, Daniel Osorio, and Adriana D. Briscoe. "UV Photoreceptors and UV- Yellow Wing Pigments in Heliconius Butterflies Allow a Color Signal to Serve Both Mimicry and Intraspecific Communication." The American Naturalist 179.1 (2012): 38–51. Web.
  11. ^ Sacledo, Christian (2010). "Environmental Elements Involved in Communal Roosting in Heliconius Butterflies (Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae)." Entomological Society of America 39 (3): 907–11

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