Irregular menstruation

Irregular menstruation
Irregular menstruation
Other names	Irregular cycles, irregular periods
Specialty	Gynecology
Symptoms	Change in the flow of menstrual bleeding, Change in the duration of periods, Change in menstrual cycle.
Diagnostic method	Based on physical examination
Medication	birth control pills

Irregular menstruation is a menstrual disorder whose manifestations include irregular cycle lengths as well as metrorrhagia (vaginal bleeding between expected periods). The possible causes of irregular menstruation may vary. The common factors of it are related to lifestyle, such as stress, body weight, and smoking status.^[1] Several studies indicate that COVID-19 vaccine of any type may disrupt the menstrual cycle, although only momentarily.^[2]^[3]^[4] This side effect should resolve on its own in the following month.^[5]

^ Bae, Jinju; Park, Susan; Kwon, Jin-Won (2018-02-06). "Factors associated with menstrual cycle irregularity and menopause". BMC Women's Health. 18 (1): 36. doi:10.1186/s12905-018-0528-x. ISSN 1472-6874. PMC 5801702. PMID 29409520.
^ Laganà, Antonio Simone; Veronesi, Giovanni; Ghezzi, Fabio; Ferrario, Marco Mario; Cromi, Antonella; Bizzarri, Mariano; Garzon, Simone; Cosentino, Marco (2022-01-01). "Evaluation of menstrual irregularities after COVID-19 vaccination: Results of the MECOVAC survey". Open Medicine. 17 (1): 475–484. doi:10.1515/med-2022-0452. ISSN 2391-5463. PMC 8919838. PMID 35350834.
^ Muhaidat, Nadia; Alshrouf, Mohammad A.; Azzam, Muayad I.; Karam, Abdulrahman M.; Al-Nazer, Majed W.; Al-Ani, Abdallah (2022-03-28). "Menstrual Symptoms After COVID-19 Vaccine: A Cross-Sectional Investigation in the MENA Region". International Journal of Women's Health. 14: 395–404. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S352167. PMC 8976114. PMID 35378876.
^ Edelman, Alison; Boniface, Emily R.; Benhar, Eleonora; Han, Leo; Matteson, Kristen A.; Favaro, Carlotta; Pearson, Jack T.; Darney, Blair G. (2022-05-05). "Association Between Menstrual Cycle Length and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccination: A U.S. Cohort". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 139 (4): 481–489. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000004695. ISSN 0029-7844. PMC 8936155. PMID 34991109.
^ Laganà, Antonio Simone; Veronesi, Giovanni; Ghezzi, Fabio; Ferrario, Marco Mario; Cromi, Antonella; Bizzarri, Mariano; Garzon, Simone; Cosentino, Marco (2022-01-01). "Evaluation of menstrual irregularities after COVID-19 vaccination: Results of the MECOVAC survey". Open Medicine. 17 (1): 475–484. doi:10.1515/med-2022-0452. ISSN 2391-5463. PMC 8919838. PMID 35350834.

[1] Bae, Jinju; Park, Susan; Kwon, Jin-Won (2018-02-06). "Factors associated with menstrual cycle irregularity and menopause". BMC Women's Health. 18 (1): 36. doi:10.1186/s12905-018-0528-x. ISSN 1472-6874. PMC 5801702. PMID 29409520.

[2] Laganà, Antonio Simone; Veronesi, Giovanni; Ghezzi, Fabio; Ferrario, Marco Mario; Cromi, Antonella; Bizzarri, Mariano; Garzon, Simone; Cosentino, Marco (2022-01-01). "Evaluation of menstrual irregularities after COVID-19 vaccination: Results of the MECOVAC survey". Open Medicine. 17 (1): 475–484. doi:10.1515/med-2022-0452. ISSN 2391-5463. PMC 8919838. PMID 35350834.

[3] Muhaidat, Nadia; Alshrouf, Mohammad A.; Azzam, Muayad I.; Karam, Abdulrahman M.; Al-Nazer, Majed W.; Al-Ani, Abdallah (2022-03-28). "Menstrual Symptoms After COVID-19 Vaccine: A Cross-Sectional Investigation in the MENA Region". International Journal of Women's Health. 14: 395–404. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S352167. PMC 8976114. PMID 35378876.

[4] Edelman, Alison; Boniface, Emily R.; Benhar, Eleonora; Han, Leo; Matteson, Kristen A.; Favaro, Carlotta; Pearson, Jack T.; Darney, Blair G. (2022-05-05). "Association Between Menstrual Cycle Length and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccination: A U.S. Cohort". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 139 (4): 481–489. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000004695. ISSN 0029-7844. PMC 8936155. PMID 34991109.

[5] Laganà, Antonio Simone; Veronesi, Giovanni; Ghezzi, Fabio; Ferrario, Marco Mario; Cromi, Antonella; Bizzarri, Mariano; Garzon, Simone; Cosentino, Marco (2022-01-01). "Evaluation of menstrual irregularities after COVID-19 vaccination: Results of the MECOVAC survey". Open Medicine. 17 (1): 475–484. doi:10.1515/med-2022-0452. ISSN 2391-5463. PMC 8919838. PMID 35350834.

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