Islamic revival

Islamic revival (Arabic: تجديد tajdīd, lit., "regeneration, renewal"; also الصحوة الإسلامية aṣ-Ṣaḥwah l-ʾIslāmiyyah, "Islamic awakening") refers to a revival of the Islamic religion, usually centered around enforcing sharia.^[1] A leader of a revival is known in Islam as a mujaddid.

Within the Islamic tradition, tajdid is an important religious concept, called for periodically throughout Islamic history and according to a sahih hadith occurring every century.^[2] They manifest in renewed commitment to the fundamentals of Islam, the teachings of the Quran and hadith (aka traditions) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the divine law of sharia, and reconstruction of society in accordance with them.^[3]

In academic literature, "Islamic revival" is an umbrella term for revivalist movements in Islam, movements which may be "intolerant and exclusivist", or "pluralistic"; "favorable to science", or against it; "primarily devotional", or "primarily political"; democratic, or authoritarian; pacific, or violent.^[4]

The Islamic revival of the late 20th century, brought "re-Islamization", ranging from an increase in the number of sharia-based legal statutes,^[5] attendees at Hajj,^[6]^[3]^[7] women wearing hijab, fundamentalist preachers and their influence,^[5] and terrorist attacks by radical Islamist groups.^[8] A feeling of a "growing universalistic Islamic identity" or transnational Islam among immigrants in non-Muslim countries^{[note 1]}^[8] was also evident.

Explanations for the revival include the perceived failure of secularism, in the form of Westernized ruling elites that were increasingly seen as authoritarian, ineffective and lacking cultural authenticity;^[4] the secular Arab nationalist movement whose governments were humiliatingly defeated in the Six-Day War with Israel; the fall of previously prosperous multi-confessional Lebanon into a destructive sectarian civil war; perceived successes of Islam included the surprising victory of Islamist forces against a well-armed and financed secular monarch in the 1979 Iranian Revolution; and hundreds of billions of dollars spent by Saudi Arabia and other gulf states around the Muslim world to encourage the following of stricter, more conservative strains of Islam.

Preachers and scholars who have been described as revivalists (mujaddids) or mujaddideen, by differing sects and groups, in the history of Islam include Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Ibn Taymiyyah, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi, Ahmad Sirhindi, Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, and Muhammad Ahmad. In the 20th century, figures such as Sayyid Rashid Rida, Hassan al-Banna, Sayyid Qutb, Abul A'la Maududi, and Ruhollah Khomeini, have been described as such. Academics often use the terms "Islamist" and "Islamic revivalist" interchangeably.^[9]^[10] Contemporary revivalist currents include Jihadism; neo-Sufism, which cultivates Muslim spirituality; and classical fundamentalism, which stresses obedience to Sharia (Islamic law) and ritual observance.^[4]

Some of the more prominent examples include Saudi Arabia after the 1979 Grand Mosque attack, Iran after the 1979 revolution, Pakistan after Zia's Islamization in 1979, and Afghanistan after the rise of the Mujahideen from the Soviet Afghan war in 1979.

^ Cite error: The named reference ORFPI1994:4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference abudawud-4278 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck (1991). The Contemporary Islamic Revival: A Critical Survey and Bibliography. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 24–25. ISBN 9780313247194.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lapidus, Ira M. (2014). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). pp. 521–523. ISBN 978-0-521-51430-9.
^ ^a ^b Roy, Failure of Political Islam, 1994: pp. 126–27
^ Kepel, Gilles, Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam, Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 75
^ Lapidus, p. 823
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Lapidus 12 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Lapidus, Ira M. (1997). "Islamic Revival and Modernity: The Contemporary Movements and the Historical Paradigms". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 40 (4): 444–60. doi:10.1163/1568520972601486. JSTOR 3632403. The terms commonly used for Islamic revival movements are fundamentalist, Islamist or revivalist.
^ R. Habeck, Mary (2006). Knowing the Enemy: Jihadist Ideology and the War on Terror. London: Yale University Press. p. 27. ISBN 0-300-11306-4.

Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).

[ORFPI1994:4-1] Cite error: The named reference ORFPI1994:4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[abudawud-4278-2] Cite error: The named reference abudawud-4278 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Haddad-24-5-3] Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck (1991). The Contemporary Islamic Revival: A Critical Survey and Bibliography. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 24–25. ISBN 9780313247194.

[lapidus-521-4] Lapidus, Ira M. (2014). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). pp. 521–523. ISBN 978-0-521-51430-9.

[ORFPI1994:126-7-5] Roy, Failure of Political Islam, 1994: pp. 126–27

[Kepel,_Gilles_2002,_p.75-6] Kepel, Gilles, Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam, Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 75

[Lapidus_11-7] Lapidus, p. 823

[Lapidus_12-8] Cite error: The named reference Lapidus 12 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Lapidus-_1997-10] Lapidus, Ira M. (1997). "Islamic Revival and Modernity: The Contemporary Movements and the Historical Paradigms". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 40 (4): 444–60. doi:10.1163/1568520972601486. JSTOR 3632403. The terms commonly used for Islamic revival movements are fundamentalist, Islamist or revivalist.

[11] R. Habeck, Mary (2006). Knowing the Enemy: Jihadist Ideology and the War on Terror. London: Yale University Press. p. 27. ISBN 0-300-11306-4.

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