Back إيفان أليكسندر Arabic ايفان اليكسندر ARZ Іван Аляксандр Byelorussian Иван Александър Bulgarian Ivan Alexandre de Bulgària Catalan Ivan Alexandr Czech Їѡаннъ Алєѯандръ CU Iwan Alexander German Ιβάν Αλεξάνταρ Greek Iván Alejandro Spanish
| Ivan Alexander | |
|---|---|
 Portrait of the tsar from the medieval manuscript, Tetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander | |
| Tsar of Bulgaria | |
| Reign | 1331 – 17 February 1371 |
| Predecessor | Ivan Stephen |
| Successor | Ivan Shishman Ivan Sratsimir |
| Died | 17 February 1371 |
| Spouse | Theodora of Wallachia Sarah (Theodora) |
| Issue | see below |
| Dynasty | Sratsimir |
| Father | Sratsimir |
| Mother | Keratsa Petritsa |
| Religion | Eastern Orthodox |
Ivan Alexander (Bulgarian: Иван Александър, transliterated Ivan Aleksandǎr,[1] pronounced [iˈvan ɐlɛkˈsandɐr]; original spelling: ІѠАНЪ АЛЄѮАНдРЪ),[2] also sometimes Anglicized as John Alexander,[3] ruled as Emperor (Tsar) of Bulgaria from 1331 to 1371,[4] during the Second Bulgarian Empire. The date of his birth is unknown. He died on 17 February 1371. The long reign of Ivan Alexander is considered a transitional period in Bulgarian medieval history. Ivan Alexander began his rule by dealing with internal problems and external threats from Bulgaria's neighbours, the Byzantine Empire and Serbia, as well as leading his empire into a period of economic recovery and cultural and religious renaissance.[5]
However, the emperor was later unable to cope with the mounting incursions of Ottoman forces, Hungarian invasions from the northwest and the Black Death.[4] In an ill-fated attempt to combat these problems, he divided the country between his two sons,[6][7] thus forcing it to face the imminent Ottoman conquest weakened and divided.[4][7]
- ^ This article uses the United Nations-authorized scientific transliteration system to romanize Bulgarian Cyrillic. For details, see Romanization of Bulgarian.
- ^ As spelled in the Zograf and Orjahov Charters. Daskalova, Angelina; Marija Rajkova (2005). Gramoti na bǎlgarskite care (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. pp. 58–59. ISBN 954-322-034-4.
- ^ For example in "John Alexander (emperor of Bulgaria)". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 19 January 2007.
- ^ a b c Lalkov, Rulers of Bulgaria, pp. 42–43.
- ^ Bǎlgarite i Bǎlgarija, 2.1
- ^ Delev, Istorija i civilizacija za 11. klas
- ^ a b Castellan, Georges (1999). Histoire des Balkans, XIVe–XXe siècle (in French). Paris: Fayard. p. 42. ISBN 2-213-60526-2.
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