James Baldwin

James Baldwin
Baldwin in 1969
Born	James Arthur Jones (1924-08-02)August 2, 1924 New York City, U.S.
Died	December 1, 1987(1987-12-01) (aged 63) Saint-Paul-de-Vence, France
Resting place	Ferncliff Cemetery, Westchester County, New York
Occupation	Writer activist
Education	DeWitt Clinton High School
Genre	Urban fiction African-American literature Gay literature
Years active	1947–1985
Notable works	Go Tell It on the Mountain (1953) Notes of a Native Son (1955) Giovanni's Room (1956)

James Arthur Baldwin (né Jones; August 2, 1924 – December 1, 1987) was an American writer and civil rights activist who garnered acclaim for his essays, novels, plays, and poems. His 1953 novel Go Tell It on the Mountain has been ranked by Time magazine as one of the top 100 English-language novels.^[1] His 1955 essay collection Notes of a Native Son helped establish his reputation as a voice for human equality.^[2] Baldwin was an influential public figure and orator, especially during the civil rights movement in the United States.^[3][4][5]

Baldwin's fiction posed fundamental personal questions and dilemmas amid complex social and psychological pressures. Themes of masculinity, sexuality, race, and class intertwine to create intricate narratives that influenced both the civil rights movement and the gay liberation movement in mid-twentieth century America. Baldwin's protagonists are often, but not exclusively African American; gay and bisexual men feature prominently in his work (as in his 1956 novel Giovanni's Room). His characters typically face internal and external obstacles in their search for self- and social acceptance.^[6]

Baldwin's work continues to influence artists and writers. His unfinished manuscript Remember This House was expanded and adapted as the 2016 documentary film I Am Not Your Negro, winning the BAFTA Award for Best Documentary. His 1974 novel If Beale Street Could Talk was adapted into a 2018 film of the same name, which earned widespread praise.