Jeepney

A jeepney (Tagalog: [ˈdʒipnɪ]), or simply a jeep (Tagalog: [ˈdʒip]), is a type of public utility vehicle (PUV) that serves as the most popular means of public transportation in the Philippines.^[1] Known for its crowded seating and kitsch decorations, it is a cultural icon of the Philippines^[2] and has its own art, "Jeepney art".^[3] At the 1964 New York World's Fair, a Sarao jeepney was exhibited in the Philippine pavilion as a national symbol for Filipinos.^[4]^[5]

Jeepneys originate from the American colonial period–share taxis known as "auto calesas", commonly shortened to "AC". These evolved to modified imported cars with attached carriages in the 1930s which served as a cheap passenger utility vehicles in Manila. These vehicles were mostly destroyed in World War II. The need for replacement transport vehicles led to the use of U.S. military jeeps left over from the war, which became the template for the modern jeepney.^[6] A jeepney modernization program launched by the Department of Transportation in 2017 seeks to use more environmentally-friendly vehicles, but has raised concerns regarding the preservation of the jeepney's iconic look as most modern jeepneys resemble regular minibuses.^[7]

As of 2022, there were an estimated 600,000 drivers nationwide dependent on driving jeepneys for their livelihood.^[8] In Metro Manila, an estimated 9 million commuters take the jeepney each day.^[9]

^ Lema, Karen (November 20, 2007). "Manila's jeepney pioneer fears the end of the road". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved February 27, 2008.
^ Bohol, Gabriel. "The evolution of the Jeepney: Why it doesn't need to be phased-out". Tatler Asia. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
^ Stuart, Godofredo U. "The Philippine Jeepney: The Undisputed King of the Road". StuartXChange. The Philippines. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
^ "Lifestyle Sarao Jeepney". The Philippines: The City of Las Piñas. Archived from the original on May 7, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
^ Mercado, Leonardo N. (1994). "Chapter X: Microcosms, THE JEEPNEY AS MICROCOSM". In George F. McLean (ed.). The Filipino Mind. Cultural Heritage & Contemporary Change. Vol. Philosophical Studies II. Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. ISBN 978-1-56518-063-5. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.
^ Otsuka, Keijiro; Kikuchi, Masao; Hayami, Yujiro (January 1986). "Community and Market in Contract Choice: The Jeepney in the Philippines". Economic Development and Cultural Change. 34 (2): 279–298. doi:10.1086/451528. JSTOR 1153851. S2CID 155062784.
^ Cite error: The named reference GMANews-Icon was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Alegado, Siegfrid; Calonzo, Andreo (December 21, 2020). "Manila's Iconic Jeepneys Are One More Casualty of the Pandemic". Bloomberg. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
^ "Inquirer.net explains why jeepney drivers, operators defy modernization plan". Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility. January 15, 2024. Retrieved January 15, 2024.

[1] Lema, Karen (November 20, 2007). "Manila's jeepney pioneer fears the end of the road". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved February 27, 2008.

[2] Bohol, Gabriel. "The evolution of the Jeepney: Why it doesn't need to be phased-out". Tatler Asia. Retrieved October 28, 2024.

[3] Stuart, Godofredo U. "The Philippine Jeepney: The Undisputed King of the Road". StuartXChange. The Philippines. Retrieved May 13, 2016.

[LP-4] "Lifestyle Sarao Jeepney". The Philippines: The City of Las Piñas. Archived from the original on May 7, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2016.

[5] Mercado, Leonardo N. (1994). "Chapter X: Microcosms, THE JEEPNEY AS MICROCOSM". In George F. McLean (ed.). The Filipino Mind. Cultural Heritage & Contemporary Change. Vol. Philosophical Studies II. Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. ISBN 978-1-56518-063-5. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.

[6] Otsuka, Keijiro; Kikuchi, Masao; Hayami, Yujiro (January 1986). "Community and Market in Contract Choice: The Jeepney in the Philippines". Economic Development and Cultural Change. 34 (2): 279–298. doi:10.1086/451528. JSTOR 1153851. S2CID 155062784.

[GMANews-Icon-7] Cite error: The named reference GMANews-Icon was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[8] Alegado, Siegfrid; Calonzo, Andreo (December 21, 2020). "Manila's Iconic Jeepneys Are One More Casualty of the Pandemic". Bloomberg. Retrieved June 30, 2022.

[9] "Inquirer.net explains why jeepney drivers, operators defy modernization plan". Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility. January 15, 2024. Retrieved January 15, 2024.

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