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Ilm al-Kalam (Arabic: عِلْم ٱلْكَلَام, romanized: ʿilm al-kalām, lit. 'science of discourse'),[1] often shortened to kalam, is the scholastic, speculative, or philosophical study of Islamic theology (aqida).[2]
It is a controversial science since some scholars state kalām was formed out of the need to establish and defend the tenets of Islam against the philosophical doubters.[3][4] Meanwhile, hostile criticisms and rejection about kalam as theological field of study are quite prevalent among major Sunni Madhhab schools,[5][6] such as Hanafi,[7][8] Maliki,[9][10] Shafi'i,[9][11][12][13] Zahiri,[14] and Hanbali.[5] As they viewed it not following Islamic teaching.
On the other hand, it gained acceptance in Twelver Shi'ism. According to Morteza Motahhari, It is a science that fundamental for Islamic faith doctrine or usul al-din, proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them.[15]
Jeffry R. Halveson; chapter 2
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Aqida 4 Madhhab; al-'Ajili
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Abu Hanifah opinion; Kalam 2
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Sharh Aqida Ahl sunnah; Yazid Jawas
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Almanhaj; al-Ash'ari according madhhabs
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Dhahabi; Malik about kalam
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Nawawi; Majmu; about kalam
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).konsultsyariah; kalam
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Muhammad al 'Aqil; Shafi'ite kalam
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).For a definition of 'ilm al-kalam, it is sufficient to say that, "It is a science which studies the basic doctrines of the Islamic faith (usul al-Din). It identifies the basic doctrines and seeks to prove their validity and answers any doubts which may be cast upon them."
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