Kamalanka/Lang-ya-hsiu (狼牙脩) (คามลังกา/หลางหยาสิ่ว) | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 216 BCE – 1058 | |||||||||||||||||||
 Political entities in the Chao Phraya River Basin and the Kra Isthmus in the 6th–7th century | |||||||||||||||||||
 Six ancient kingdoms in Mainland Southeast Asia mentioned by Xuanzang in the 7th century | |||||||||||||||||||
| Capital | Mevilimbangam | ||||||||||||||||||
| Religion | Buddhism | ||||||||||||||||||
| Government | Mandala kingdom | ||||||||||||||||||
• 566–638 | Kakabatr | ||||||||||||||||||
• 638–648 | Kalavarnadishraj | ||||||||||||||||||
• 7th century | Pú-jiā-yuè-mó | ||||||||||||||||||
• 801 | Mǐ-shī-bō-luó Shǐ-lì-pó-luó | ||||||||||||||||||
| Historical era | Post-classical era | ||||||||||||||||||
• Established | 216 BCE | ||||||||||||||||||
• Embassy to China (as Gē Luó) | Before 57 CE | ||||||||||||||||||
• Embassy to China (as Lang-ya-hsiu) | 515 CE | ||||||||||||||||||
• Formation of Dvaravati | 6th–7th century | ||||||||||||||||||
• Decline of Mueang Uthong | 8th century | ||||||||||||||||||
• Tambralinga conquered Menam Valley | 927 | ||||||||||||||||||
• Raided by Chola | 1030 | ||||||||||||||||||
• Destroyed by Pagan | 1058 | ||||||||||||||||||
• Establishment of Chen Li Fu | 12th century | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Today part of | |||||||||||||||||||
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Kamalanka (Chia-mo-lang-chia, Lang-chia, Lang-ya-hsiu) or Kolo (Gē Luó) in the Chinese texts, or Balangka/Kalonga in the Geographike Hyphegesis of Ptolemy, or Mevilimbangam in the Tanjore Inscription, was an ancient political entity located in the west Chao Phraya River basin in central Thailand.[1]: 181–3 It existed from the late 1st or early 2nd century CE to 1058. Its chief city, located at the ancient Nakhon Pathom,[1]: 180 was possibly destroyed by the troops of Pagan's Anawrahta in 1058 during his Menam invasion to attack the Lavo Kingdom. This marks the ending of Kamalanka.[2]: 95, 105 Previously, it was raided by the Chola Empire during the South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra I in 1030. Its successor, Chen Li Fu centered at Suvarnapura, appeared around the 12th century, 90 kilometers northward in the present-day Don Chedi, Suphan Buri province.[3]: 1 [4] Chen Li Fu later evolved to Suphannabhum, which was then merged into the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 14th century.[3]: 13 Several Thai scholars claim Kamalanka was founded in 216 BCE by nobles from the Lankan Anuradhapura Kingdom who fled to the Malay Peninsula before the kingdom fell to the Tamil king Ellalan in 205 BCE. Earlier, another group of Lankan nobles founded the sister state of Langkasuka in 217 BCE further south in the present-day Pattani province.[5]
The Kingdom of Kamalanka or Lang-ya-hsiu was probably the succeeding state of Tun Sun since its first embassy, sent to China in 515 CE, claimed the country was founded around 400 years earlier. Several scholars speculated that Kamalanka is situated in lower central Thailand,[1]: 181, 183 probably the same area as Tun Sun. Kamalanka additionally sent embassies to China in 523 and 531.[6]: 262–263 In the 20th century, Chinese people who settled in the west Chao Phraya River basin still called the area Lang-jia-jiu.[1]: 181
In the 7th century, southern Kamalanka later joined Pan Pan in the south,[6]: 262–263 while its northern territory became part of the Dvaravati civilization after merging with the neighboring Chin Lin and others following the decline of Funan.[6]: 268–270, 281 Previously, Kamalanka or Lang-ya-hsiu was once identified as Langkasuka but according to the location provided in the Chinese texts in the 7th century, it would be situated in the modern lower central Thailand.[7] Michael Mitchiner identified Kamalanka as the Mon kingdom of Thaton,[8]: 8 whose existence before the 13th century is questioned by Michael Aung-Thwin,[9]: 79 and also contradicts to information given by a Chinese monk Xuanzang, who stated that, Kamalanga, among others, was blockaded by high mountains and rivers and could not be reached (from the Gulf of Martaban) during his journey in India.[10]: 200
Thai historian, Piriya Krairiksh, proposed that before the 7th century, the early indianized Nakhon Pathom was probably the port city of the Pan Pan Kingdom, centered at the ancient Mueang Uthong.[11]: 58 After that, Mon dominated the region, the power was shifted to Nakhon Pathom, which evolved to the Kingdom of Ge Luo She Fen, mentioned in the largest Chinese leishu, Cefu Yuangui, compiled in 1005. The kingdom was said to be located west of Dvaravati; the same area as Kamalanka, and also equated to the Ge Luo Kingdom in the 1044 New Book of Tang.[11]: 59
- ^ a b c d Chand Chirayu Rajani. "Background to the Sri Vijaya Story – Part I" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2020.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
fineartwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b O. W. Wolters (1960). "Chên Li Fu: A State On The Gulf Of Siam at the Beginning of the 14th Century". The Journal of the Siam Society. XLVIII.
- ^ "宋與真里富、登流眉、蒲甘等國之關係" [The relationship between Song dynasty and the states of Chên Li Fu, Tambralinga, and Bagan] (in Chinese). Retrieved 3 February 2025.
- ^ Vajrachakra (2019). ตีลังกา สืบหาชมพูทวีป [Conquerer of Lanka, searching for the Jambudvipa] (in Thai). ISBN 9786164974975.
- ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
briggswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
langwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Michael Mitchiner. "The Date o the Early Funanese, Mon, Pyu, and Arakanese Coinages ('Sumbolic Coins')" (PDF). pp. 5–12.
- ^ Michael A. Aung-Thwin (2005). "Thatôn (Sudhuim), an Imagined Center". The Mists of Ramanna: The Legend That Was Lower Burma (PDF). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 433. doi:10.26530/oapen_625896. ISBN 9780824874414.
- ^ Samuel Beal (1884). Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World (PDF). London: Trubner & Co. Ludgate Hill.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
pathomwas invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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