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| Kargil War | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Kashmir conflict and the India–Pakistan conflict | |||||||||
 Indian soldiers after capturing a hill from Pakistani forces | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 India |
 Pakistan | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
Atal Bihari Vajpayee V.P. Malik Yashwant Tipnis Nirmal Vij Krishnan Pal Mohinder Puri O. P. Nandrajog |
 Nawaz Sharif Pervez Musharraf Aziz Khan Ashraf Rashid Tauqir Zia | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
| Indian order of battle |
| ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 30,000 | 5,000 | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
|
Indian figures:
Pakistani claims:
|
Pakistani figures: Indian claims: | ||||||||
The Kargil War, also known as the Kargil conflict, was fought between India and Pakistan from May to July 1999 in the Kargil district of Ladakh (erstwhile Jammu and Kashmir) and elsewhere along the Line of Control (LoC). In India, the conflict is also referred to as Operation Vijay (Sanskrit: विजय, lit. 'Victory'), which was the codename of the Indian military operation in the region.[19] The Indian Air Force acted jointly with the Indian Army to flush out the Pakistan Army and paramilitary troops from vacated Indian positions along the LoC,[20] in what was designated as Operation Safed Sagar (Hindi: ऑपरेशन सफेद सागर, lit. 'White Sea').
The conflict was triggered by the infiltration of Pakistani troops—disguised as Kashmiri militants—into strategic positions on the Indian side of the LoC,[21][22] which serves as the de facto border between the two countries in the disputed region of Kashmir. During its initial stages, Pakistan blamed the fighting entirely on independent Kashmiri insurgents, but documents left behind by casualties and later statements by Pakistan's Prime Minister and Chief of Army Staff showed the involvement of Pakistani paramilitary forces,[23][24][25] led by General Ashraf Rashid.[26] The Indian Army, later supported by the Indian Air Force, recaptured a majority of the positions on the Indian side of the LoC; facing international diplomatic opposition, Pakistani forces withdrew from all remaining Indian positions along the LoC.
The Kargil War is the most recent example of high-altitude warfare in mountainous terrain, and as such, posed significant logistical problems for the combatting sides. It also marks one of only two instances of conventional warfare between nuclear-armed states (alongside the Sino-Soviet border conflict). India had conducted its first successful test in 1974; Pakistan, which had been developing its nuclear capability in secret since around the same time, conducted its first known tests in 1998, just two weeks after a second series of tests by India.
- ^ Kumar, Sumita. "Pakistan's Jehadi Apparatus: Goals and Methods." Strategic Analysis, vol. 24, no. 12, 2001, https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/sa/sa_mar01kus01.html.
- ^ Shakoor, Farzana. “The Kargil Crisis: An Analysis.” Pakistan Horizon, vol. 52, no. 3, 1999, pp. 49–65. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41394429. Accessed 23 Mar. 2025. "However, the groups sustaining the insurgency in Kashmir appear to be in no mood to call it a day, and hold a view contrary to both Indian stance and the US line of thinking. For the same reason they rejected the Washington Declaration as a spokesman for Hizb-ul-Mujahideen said, "We are no bound to (follow) any agreement between Pakistan and the US. Kargil is our land and why should we be asked to withdraw (from there)"
- ^ Chakraborty, A. K. (21 July 2000). "Kargil War Brings into Sharp Focus India's Commitment to Peace" (PDF). Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- ^ Fernandes, George (28 November 2002). "Soldiers Killed in Kargil War". Parliamentary Questions, Lok Sabha. Parliament of India. Starred Question No 160. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
- ^ "Complete Roll of Honour of Indian Army's Killed in Action during Op Vijay". Indian Army. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
- ^ Fernandes, George (8 December 1999). "Soldiers Killed During Indo Pak Wars". Parliamentary Questions, Lok Sabha. Parliament of India. Unstarred Question No 793. Archived from the original on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
- ^ "Musharraf claims Kargil was a big success militarily for Pakistan". Greater Kashmir. 1 February 2013. Archived from the original on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
- ^ "Pak quietly names 453 men killed in Kargil war". Rediff News. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
- ^ "Pakistan Army admits to Kargil martyrs". NDTV. Archived from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ "PAKISTAN ARMY". pakistanarmy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 28 April 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2025.
- ^ "Pakistani Army Martyrs in Kashmir 1999 | the Polynational War Memorial". www.war-memorial.net. Retrieved 1 April 2025.
- ^ "Musharraf now has Pak's Kargil toll: 357". indianexpress.com. 7 October 2006. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
tribpowwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Malik 2006, p. 342.
- ^ Pubby, Manu (19 November 2010). "Kargil: Pak suffered most casualties at Batalik". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Indian records say a total of 249 bodies of Pakistani soldiers were recovered during the battle but estimates of total enemy casualties is put around 1000–1200.
- ^ Kanwal, Gurmeet (2009). "Pakistan's Strategic Blunder at Kargil" (PDF). CLAWS Journal: 72. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
The army recovered 249 dead bodies of Pakistani regular soldiers from the area of operations in Kargil; 244 dead bodies were buried as per military norms with religious rites; five bodies were accepted by Pakistan and taken back
- ^ "Kargil probe body had sought Musharraf's court martial". The News International. AFP. 13 January 2013. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ^ "How artillery changed the tide of the Kargil war". The Economic Times. 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
- ^ It is also sometimes referred to as Operation Vijay Kargil so as to distinguish it from Operation Vijay, the 1961 operation by the military of India that led to the capture of Goa, Daman and Diu and Anjidiv Islands.
- ^ "Op Safed Sagar: Understanding Air Operations in Kargil". Indian Air Force. Archived from the original on 6 August 2021.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Qadirwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Musharraf, Pervez (2006). In the Line of Fire: A Memoir. Free Press. pp. 90–91. ISBN 0-7432-8344-9.
- ^ Clancy, Tom; Zinni, Tony; Koltz, Tony (2004). Battle Ready. Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN 0-399-15176-1.
- ^ Pubby, Manu (12 June 2009). "Pak commander blows the lid on Islamabad's Kargil plot". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2009.
- ^ "Sharif admits he let down Vajpayee on Kargil conflict". The Hindu. Chennai, India. PTI. 10 September 2007. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
- ^ Nawaz, Shuja (2007). Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within. p. 420.
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