Khilafat Movement

The Khilafat movement (1919–22) was a political campaign launched by Indian Muslims in British India over British policy against Turkey and the planned dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire after World War I by Allied forces.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Leaders participating in the movement included Shaukat Ali, Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar,^[4] Hakim Ajmal Khan,^[5]^[6] and Abul Kalam Azad^[7] who organised the movement to redress the grievances of Turkey.^[8]

Mahatma Gandhi had supported the movement as part of his opposition to the British Empire, and he also advocated for a wider non-cooperation movement at the same time.^[9] Vallabhbhai Patel, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and other Hindu and Congress figures also supported the movement.^[10]^[11]

Generally described as a protest against the sanctions placed on the Ottoman Empire after the First World War by the Treaty of Sèvres, the movement is also noted for promoting Hindu-Muslim unity.^[12] It ended in 1922 after the end of the non-cooperation movement.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]

^ Hutchinson, J.; Smith, A.D. (2000). Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science. Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science. Routledge. p. 926. ISBN 978-0-415-20112-4. Retrieved 9 February 2023. Khilafat movement which was primarily designed to prevent the allied dismemberment of Turkey after World War One.
^ Ali, A.; Sahni, J.; Sharma, M.; Sharma, P.; Goel, P. (2019). IAS Mains Paper 1 Indian Heritage & Culture History & Geography of the world & Society 2020. Arihant Publications India limited. p. 273. ISBN 978-93-241-9210-3.
^ Vipul, S. (2009). Longman History & Civics Icse 10. Pearson Education. p. 88. ISBN 978-81-317-2042-4.
^ "Muhammad Ali Jauhar and the Mutiny Trial". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
^ Hussain, Intezaar. Ajmal e Azam.
^ Andrews, C.F. Hakim Ajmal Khan.
^ "Khilafat movement | Indian Muslim movement | Britannica.com". Archived from the original on 8 December 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
^ The Cambridge History of India, Volume 6. S. Chand Group. p. 800. The main object of the Khilafat movement was to redress the grievances of Turkey and get for her justice.
^ Carl Olson (2007). The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction. Rutgers University Press. p. 29.
^ Inamdar, N.R. (1983). Political Thought and Leadership of Lokmanya Tilak. Concept. p. 259. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (7 December 2013). "Sardar and the Swayamsevaks". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
^ Cite error: The named reference Tejani 2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Bandyopādhyāẏa, Ś. (2004). From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. Orient Blackswan. p. 304. ISBN 978-81-250-2596-2.
^ Ahmad Hasan Dani (1979). World Scholars on Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Volume 1. Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 85. the Khilafat agitation ended in 1922
^ Gail Minault, The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India (1982).
^ Burton Stein (2010). A History of India. John Wiley & Sons. p. 300.
^ Vogt, K.; Larsen, L.; Moe, C. (2011). New Directions in Islamic Thought: Exploring Reform and Muslim Tradition. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-85772-233-1.

[1] Hutchinson, J.; Smith, A.D. (2000). Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science. Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science. Routledge. p. 926. ISBN 978-0-415-20112-4. Retrieved 9 February 2023. Khilafat movement which was primarily designed to prevent the allied dismemberment of Turkey after World War One.

[2] Ali, A.; Sahni, J.; Sharma, M.; Sharma, P.; Goel, P. (2019). IAS Mains Paper 1 Indian Heritage & Culture History & Geography of the world & Society 2020. Arihant Publications India limited. p. 273. ISBN 978-93-241-9210-3.

[3] Vipul, S. (2009). Longman History & Civics Icse 10. Pearson Education. p. 88. ISBN 978-81-317-2042-4.

[4] "Muhammad Ali Jauhar and the Mutiny Trial". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2013.

[5] Hussain, Intezaar. Ajmal e Azam.

[6] Andrews, C.F. Hakim Ajmal Khan.

[7] "Khilafat movement | Indian Muslim movement | Britannica.com". Archived from the original on 8 December 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2019.

[8] The Cambridge History of India, Volume 6. S. Chand Group. p. 800. The main object of the Khilafat movement was to redress the grievances of Turkey and get for her justice.

[9] Carl Olson (2007). The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction. Rutgers University Press. p. 29.

[10] Inamdar, N.R. (1983). Political Thought and Leadership of Lokmanya Tilak. Concept. p. 259. Retrieved 9 February 2023.

[11] Jaffrelot, Christophe (7 December 2013). "Sardar and the Swayamsevaks". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 9 February 2023.

[Tejani_2021-12] Cite error: The named reference Tejani 2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Bandyopādhyāẏa-13] Bandyopādhyāẏa, Ś. (2004). From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. Orient Blackswan. p. 304. ISBN 978-81-250-2596-2.

[14] Ahmad Hasan Dani (1979). World Scholars on Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Volume 1. Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 85. the Khilafat agitation ended in 1922

[15] Gail Minault, The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India (1982).

[16] Burton Stein (2010). A History of India. John Wiley & Sons. p. 300.

[17] Vogt, K.; Larsen, L.; Moe, C. (2011). New Directions in Islamic Thought: Exploring Reform and Muslim Tradition. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-85772-233-1.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]