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Kidney cancer

Kidney cancer
Other namesRenal cancer
Micrograph showing the most common type of kidney cancer (clear cell renal cell carcinoma). H&E stain.
SpecialtyOncology nephrology Urology
SymptomsBlood in the urine, lump in the abdomen, back pain[1][2][3]
Usual onsetAfter the age of 45[4]
TypesRenal cell carcinoma (RCC), transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), Wilms tumor[4]
Risk factorsSmoking, certain pain medications, previous bladder cancer, being overweight, high blood pressure, certain chemicals, family history[1][2]
Diagnostic methodTissue biopsy[1][2][3]
TreatmentSurgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy[1][2][3]
PrognosisFive-year survival ~75% (US 2015)[4]
Frequency403,300 (2018)[5]
Deaths175,000[5]

Kidney cancer, also known as renal cancer, is a group of cancers that starts in the kidney.[4] Symptoms may include blood in the urine, a lump in the abdomen, or back pain.[1][2][3] Fever, weight loss, and tiredness may also occur.[1][2][3] Complications can include spread to the lungs or brain.[6]

The main types of kidney cancer are renal cell cancer (RCC), transitional cell cancer (TCC), and Wilms' tumor.[7] RCC makes up approximately 80% of kidney cancers, and TCC accounts for most of the rest.[8] Risk factors for RCC and TCC include smoking, certain pain medications, previous bladder cancer, being overweight, high blood pressure, certain chemicals, and a family history.[1][2] Risk factors for Wilms' tumor include a family history and certain genetic disorders such as WAGR syndrome.[3] Diagnosis may be suspected based on symptoms, urine testing, and medical imaging.[1][2][3] It is confirmed by tissue biopsy.[1][2][3]

Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy.[1][2][3] Kidney cancer newly affected about 403,300 people and resulted in 175,000 deaths globally in 2018.[5] Onset is usually after the age of 45.[4] Males are affected more often than females.[4] The overall five-year survival rate is 75% in the United States, 71% in Canada, 70% in China, and 60% in Europe.[4][9][10][11] For cancers that are confined to the kidney, the five-year survival rate is 93%, if it has spread to the surrounding lymph nodes it is 70%, and if it has spread widely, it is 12%.[4] Kidney cancer has been identified as the 13th most common form of cancer,[12] and is responsible for 2% of the world's cancer cases and deaths.[13] The incidence of kidney cancer has continued to increase since 1930. Renal cancer is more commonly found in populations of urban areas than rural areas.[14]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Renal Cell Cancer Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Transitional Cell Cancer (Kidney/Ureter) Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Wilms Tumor and Other Childhood Kidney Tumors Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "Cancer of the Kidney and Renal Pelvis - Cancer Stat Facts". SEER. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  5. ^ a b c "Cancer today". IARC. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  6. ^ Sommers MS, Fannin E (2014). Diseases and Disorders: A Nursing Therapeutics Manual. F.A. Davis. p. 657. ISBN 9780803644878.
  7. ^ "Kidney Cancer". National Cancer Institute. 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  8. ^ Mulders PF, Brouwers AH, Hulsbergen-van der Kaa CA, van Lin EN, Osanto S, de Mulder PH (February 2008). "[Guideline 'Renal cell carcinoma']". Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd (in Dutch). 152 (7): 376–80. PMID 18380384.
  9. ^ "Survival statistics for kidney cancer - Canadian Cancer Society". www.cancer.ca. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  10. ^ "European Network of Cancer Registeries" (PDF).
  11. ^ Zeng H, Chen W, Zheng R, Zhang S, Ji JS, Zou X, Xia C, Sun K, Yang Z, Li H, Wang N (2018). "Changing cancer survival in China during 2003–15: a pooled analysis of 17 population-based cancer registries". The Lancet Global Health. 6 (5): e555–e567. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30127-X. hdl:10072/386179. PMID 29653628.
  12. ^ Scelo G, Larose TL (2018-12-20). "Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Kidney Cancer". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 36 (36): 3574–3581. doi:10.1200/JCO.2018.79.1905. ISSN 0732-183X. PMC 6299342. PMID 30372394.
  13. ^ Padala SA, Barsouk A, Thandra KC, Saginala K, Mohammed A, Vakiti A, Rawla P, Barsouk A (June 2020). "Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma". World Journal of Oncology. 11 (3): 79–87. doi:10.14740/wjon1279. ISSN 1920-4531. PMC 7239575. PMID 32494314.
  14. ^ Pascual D, Borque A (2008-11-04). "Epidemiology of Kidney Cancer". Advances in Urology. 2008: e782381. doi:10.1155/2008/782381. ISSN 1687-6369. PMC 2581742. PMID 19009036.

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