Lactate shuttle hypothesis

The lactate shuttle hypothesis describes the movement of lactate intracellularly (within a cell) and intercellularly (between cells). The hypothesis is based on the observation that lactate is formed and utilized continuously in diverse cells under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions.^[1] Further, lactate produced at sites with high rates of glycolysis and glycogenolysis can be shuttled to adjacent or remote sites including heart or skeletal muscles where the lactate can be used as a gluconeogenic precursor or substrate for oxidation.^[2]^[3] The hypothesis was proposed in 1985 by George Brooks of the University of California at Berkeley.^[3]^[4]

In addition to its role as a fuel source predominantly in the muscles, heart, brain, and liver, the lactate shuttle hypothesis also relates the role of lactate in redox signalling, gene expression, and lipolytic control. These additional roles of lactate have given rise to the term "lactormone", pertaining to the role of lactate as a signalling hormone.^[5]

^ Cite error: The named reference Brooks1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Gladden, LB (Jul 1, 2004). "Lactate metabolism: a new paradigm for the third millennium". The Journal of Physiology. 558 (Pt 1): 5–30. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.058701. PMC 1664920. PMID 15131240.
^ ^a ^b Ferguson, Brian S.; Rogatzki, Matthew J.; Goodwin, Matthew L.; Kane, Daniel A.; Rightmire, Zachary; Gladden, L. Bruce (2018). "Lactate metabolism: historical context, prior misinterpretations, and current understanding". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 118 (4): 691–728. doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3795-6. ISSN 1439-6319. PMID 29322250.
^ Brooks, G. A. (1985). "Lactate: Glycolytic End Product and Oxidative Substrate During Sustained Exercise in Mammals — The "Lactate Shuttle"". Circulation, Respiration, and Metabolism. Proceedings in Life Sciences. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 208–218. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-70610-3_15. ISBN 978-3-642-70612-7.
^ Gladden, LB (Mar 2008). "Current trends in lactate metabolism: introduction". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 40 (3): 475–6. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31816154c9. PMID 18379209.

[Brooks1-1] Cite error: The named reference Brooks1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Gladden2004-2] Gladden, LB (Jul 1, 2004). "Lactate metabolism: a new paradigm for the third millennium". The Journal of Physiology. 558 (Pt 1): 5–30. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.058701. PMC 1664920. PMID 15131240.

[Ferguson_2018-3] Ferguson, Brian S.; Rogatzki, Matthew J.; Goodwin, Matthew L.; Kane, Daniel A.; Rightmire, Zachary; Gladden, L. Bruce (2018). "Lactate metabolism: historical context, prior misinterpretations, and current understanding". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 118 (4): 691–728. doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3795-6. ISSN 1439-6319. PMID 29322250.

[Brooks_1985-4] Brooks, G. A. (1985). "Lactate: Glycolytic End Product and Oxidative Substrate During Sustained Exercise in Mammals — The "Lactate Shuttle"". Circulation, Respiration, and Metabolism. Proceedings in Life Sciences. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 208–218. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-70610-3_15. ISBN 978-3-642-70612-7.

[Gladden2008-5] Gladden, LB (Mar 2008). "Current trends in lactate metabolism: introduction". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 40 (3): 475–6. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31816154c9. PMID 18379209.

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