Language acquisition by deaf children

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Language acquisition is a natural process in which infants and children develop proficiency in the first language or languages that they are exposed to. The process of language acquisition is varied among deaf children. Deaf children born to deaf parents are typically exposed to a sign language at birth and their language acquisition follows a typical developmental timeline.^[1][2][3] However, at least 90% of deaf children are born to hearing parents who use a spoken language at home.^[4] Hearing loss prevents many deaf children from hearing spoken language to the degree necessary for language acquisition.^[3] For many deaf children, language acquisition is delayed until the time that they are exposed to a sign language or until they begin using amplification devices such as hearing aids or cochlear implants. Deaf children who experience delayed language acquisition, sometimes called language deprivation, are at risk for lower language and cognitive outcomes.^[1][5][6] However, profoundly deaf children who receive cochlear implants and auditory habilitation early in life often achieve expressive and receptive language skills within the norms of their hearing peers; age at implantation is strongly and positively correlated with speech recognition ability.^[7][8][9] Early access to language through signed language or technology have both been shown to prepare children who are deaf to achieve fluency in literacy skills.^[10][11]