Laser

A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The word laser originated as an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.^[1]^[2] The first laser was built in 1960 by Theodore Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories, based on theoretical work by Charles H. Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow and the optical amplifier patented by Gordon Gould.^[3]^[4]^[5]

A laser differs from other sources of light in that it emits light that is coherent. Spatial coherence allows a laser to be focused to a tight spot, enabling uses such as optical communication,^[6] laser cutting, and lithography. It also allows a laser beam to stay narrow over great distances (collimation), used in laser pointers, lidar, and free-space optical communication. Lasers can also have high temporal coherence, which permits them to emit light with a very narrow frequency spectrum. Temporal coherence can also be used to produce ultrashort pulses of light with a broad spectrum but durations as short as an attosecond.^[7]

Lasers are used in fiber-optic and free-space optical communications, optical disc drives, laser printers, barcode scanners, semiconductor chip manufacturing (photolithography, etching), laser surgery and skin treatments, cutting and welding materials, military and law enforcement devices for marking targets and measuring range and speed, and in laser lighting displays for entertainment. The laser is regarded as one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century.^[8]^[9]

^ Taylor, Nick (2000). Laser: The Inventor, The Nobel Laureate, and The Thirty-Year Patent War. Simon & Schuster. p. 66. ISBN 978-0684835150.
^ Ross T., Adam; Becker G., Daniel (2001). Proceedings of Laser Surgery: Advanced Characterization, Therapeutics, and Systems. SPIE. p. 396. ISBN 978-0-8194-3922-2.
^ Taylor N (2022). "The Invention of the Laser". Optical Tweezers. Methods Mol Biol. Vol. 2478. pp. 3–10. doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2229-2_1. ISBN 978-1-0716-2228-5. PMID 36063315.
^ Independent, The (September 23, 2005). "Gordon Gould". The Independent. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
^ "December 1958: Invention of the Laser". aps.org. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
^ Ning, Jinna; Zhang, Wenrui; Cao, Changqing; Feng, Zhejun; Zeng, Xiaodong; Wang, Ting; Wang, Rui; Song, Qi; Fan, Shuanglin (2019). "Collimation of laser diode beams for free space optical communications". Infrared Physics & Technology. 102. Elsevier BV: 102996. Bibcode:2019InPhT.10202996N. doi:10.1016/j.infrared.2019.102996. ISSN 1350-4495.
^ Castelvecchi, Davide; Sanderson, Katharine (October 3, 2023). "Physicists who built ultrafast 'attosecond' lasers win Nobel Prize". Nature. 622 (7982): 225–227. Bibcode:2023Natur.622..225C. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-03047-w. PMID 37789199. Retrieved November 14, 2024.
^ Trainer, Matthew (2010). "The 50th anniversary of the laser". World Patent Information. 32 (4): 326–330. Bibcode:2010WPatI..32..326T. doi:10.1016/j.wpi.2010.06.005.
^ Saleh, Bahaa (2016), Al-Amri, Mohammad D.; El-Gomati, Mohamed; Zubairy, M. Suhail (eds.), "The Laser", Optics in Our Time, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 71–85, Bibcode:2016oot..book...71S, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31903-2_4, ISBN 978-3-319-31902-5

[1] Taylor, Nick (2000). Laser: The Inventor, The Nobel Laureate, and The Thirty-Year Patent War. Simon & Schuster. p. 66. ISBN 978-0684835150.

[2] Ross T., Adam; Becker G., Daniel (2001). Proceedings of Laser Surgery: Advanced Characterization, Therapeutics, and Systems. SPIE. p. 396. ISBN 978-0-8194-3922-2.

[pmid36063315-3] Taylor N (2022). "The Invention of the Laser". Optical Tweezers. Methods Mol Biol. Vol. 2478. pp. 3–10. doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2229-2_1. ISBN 978-1-0716-2228-5. PMID 36063315.

[4] Independent, The (September 23, 2005). "Gordon Gould". The Independent. Retrieved January 10, 2025.

[5] "December 1958: Invention of the Laser". aps.org. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2022.

[6] Ning, Jinna; Zhang, Wenrui; Cao, Changqing; Feng, Zhejun; Zeng, Xiaodong; Wang, Ting; Wang, Rui; Song, Qi; Fan, Shuanglin (2019). "Collimation of laser diode beams for free space optical communications". Infrared Physics & Technology. 102. Elsevier BV: 102996. Bibcode:2019InPhT.10202996N. doi:10.1016/j.infrared.2019.102996. ISSN 1350-4495.

[7] Castelvecchi, Davide; Sanderson, Katharine (October 3, 2023). "Physicists who built ultrafast 'attosecond' lasers win Nobel Prize". Nature. 622 (7982): 225–227. Bibcode:2023Natur.622..225C. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-03047-w. PMID 37789199. Retrieved November 14, 2024.

[8] Trainer, Matthew (2010). "The 50th anniversary of the laser". World Patent Information. 32 (4): 326–330. Bibcode:2010WPatI..32..326T. doi:10.1016/j.wpi.2010.06.005.

[9] Saleh, Bahaa (2016), Al-Amri, Mohammad D.; El-Gomati, Mohamed; Zubairy, M. Suhail (eds.), "The Laser", Optics in Our Time, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 71–85, Bibcode:2016oot..book...71S, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31903-2_4, ISBN 978-3-319-31902-5

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