Lebanon

33°50′N 35°50′E / 33.833°N 35.833°E / 33.833; 35.833

Republic of Lebanon الجمهورية اللبنانية (Arabic) al-Jumhūriyyah al-Lubnāniyyah
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem:  كلّنا للوطن‎ Kullunā li-l-waṭan "All of us, for our country!"
Location of Lebanon (in green)
Capital and largest city	Beirut 33°54′N 35°32′E / 33.900°N 35.533°E / 33.900; 35.533
Official languages	Arabic[1]
Local vernacular	Lebanese Arabic[2]
Recognised minority language	French[a]
Ethnic groups (2021)[3]	95% Arab[b] 4% Armenian 1% others
Demonym(s)	Lebanese
Government	Unitary parliamentary republic under confessionalism[6]
• President	Joseph Aoun
• Prime Minister	Nawaf Salam
• Speaker of the Parliament	Nabih Berri
Legislature	Parliament
Establishment
• Emirate of Mount Lebanon	1516
• Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon	1 December 1843
• Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate	9 June 1861
• Greater Lebanon	1 September 1920
• Constitution	23 May 1926
• Independence declared	22 November 1943
• French mandate ended	24 October 1945
• Withdrawal of French forces	17 April 1946
• Israeli troops withdrawn	24 May 2000
• Syrian troops withdrawn	30 April 2005
Area
• Total	10,452 km2 (4,036 sq mi) (161st)
• Water (%)	1.8
Population
• 2024 estimate	5,364,482[7] (117th)
• Density	513/km2 (1,328.7/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	2022 estimate
• Total	$78.233 billion[8] (108th)
• Per capita	$11,793[8] (114th)
GDP (nominal)	2022 estimate
• Total	$21.780 billion[8] (103rd)
• Per capita	$3,283[8] (133rd)
Gini (2011)	31.8[9] medium inequality
HDI (2022)	0.723[10] high (109th)
Currency	Lebanese pound (LBP)
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)
Calling code	+961[11]
ISO 3166 code	LB
Internet TLD	.lb .لبنان

Lebanon,^[c] officially the Republic of Lebanon,^[d] is a country in the Levant region of West Asia. Situated at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian Peninsula,^[13] it is bordered by Syria to the north and east, Israel to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west; Cyprus lies a short distance from the coastline. Lebanon has a population of more than five million and an area of 10,452 square kilometres (4,036 sq mi). Beirut is the country's capital and largest city.

Human habitation in Lebanon dates to 5000 BC.^[14] From 3200 to 539 BC, it was part of Phoenicia, a maritime civilization that spanned the Mediterranean Basin.^[15] In 64 BC, the region became part of the Roman Empire and the subsequent Byzantine Empire. After the seventh century, it came under the rule of different Islamic caliphates, including the Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid. The 11th century saw the establishment of Christian Crusader states, which fell to the Ayyubids and the Mamluks. Lebanon came under Ottoman rule in the early 15th century. Under Ottoman sultan Abdulmejid I, the first Lebanese proto state, the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate, was established as a home for Maronite Christians, as part of the Tanzimat reforms.

After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire following World War I, Lebanon came under the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, administered by France, which established Greater Lebanon. By 1943, Lebanon had gained independence from Free France and established a distinct form of confessional government, with the state's major religious groups being apportioned specific political powers. The new Lebanese state was relatively stable,^[16] but this was ultimately shattered by the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990). Lebanon was also subjugated by two military occupations: Syria from 1976 to 2005 and Israel from 1985 to 2000. It has been the scene of several conflicts with Israel, of which the ongoing war marks the fourth Israeli invasion since 1978.

Lebanon is a developing country, ranked 112th on the Human Development Index.^[17] It has been classified as an upper-middle-income state.^[18] The Lebanese liquidity crisis, coupled with nationwide corruption and disasters such as the 2020 Beirut explosion, precipitated the collapse of Lebanon's currency and fomented political instability, widespread resource shortages, and high unemployment and poverty. The World Bank has defined Lebanon's economic crisis as one of the world's worst since the 19th century.^[19][20] Despite the country's small size,^[21] Lebanese culture is renowned both in the Arab world and globally, powered primarily by the large and influential Lebanese diaspora.^[22] Lebanon is a founding member of the United Nations and the Arab League,^[23] and a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, and the Group of 77.

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