Leopard 1

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Kampfpanzer Leopard 1
German Leopard 1A5 at the 2015 Military Day in Uffenheim
Type	Main battle tank
Place of origin	West Germany
Service history
In service	1965–present
Wars	Bosnian War Kurdish–Turkish conflict War in Afghanistan Russian invasion of Ukraine
Production history
Designer	Porsche
Designed	1956–1961
Manufacturer	KraussMaffei OTO Melara
Produced	1965–1984
No. built	6565 4744 main battle tanks 1741 utility and anti-aircraft vehicles 80 prototypes and pre-series vehicles
Specifications
Mass	42.2 tonnes (increased on later models from original 40 tonnes)[1]
Length	9.54/8.29 m (gun forward/rearward)
Width	3.37 m
Height	2.39/2.7 m (turret roof/absolute)
Crew	4 (commander, driver, gunner, radio operator/loader)
Armour	Steel: 10–70 mm RHAe
Main armament	1 × 105 mm Royal Ordnance L7A3 L/52 rifled gun (13 rounds in turret 42 rounds in hull)
Secondary armament	2 × 7.62 mm MG 3 or FN MAG (co-axial and commander's hatch) (5500 rounds)
Engine	MTU MB 838 CaM 500, 10-cylinder, 37.4 litres, multi-fuel engine 830 PS (819 hp, 610 kW) at 2,200 RPM
Power/weight	19.6 PS (14.5 kW) /tonne
Suspension	Torsion bar
Operational range	600 km (on road), 450 km (cross-country)
Maximum speed	65 km/h

The Kampfpanzer Leopard (styled as Kampfpanzer Leopard 1 or Leopard I after the introduction of the Leopard 2) is a main battle tank designed by Porsche and manufactured by Krauss-Maffei in West Germany, first entering service in 1965. Developed in an era when HEAT warheads were thought to make conventional heavy armour of limited value, the Leopard design focused on effective firepower and mobility instead of heavy protection. It featured moderate armour, only effective against low caliber autocannons and heavy machine guns, giving it a high power-to-weight ratio. This, coupled with a modern suspension and drivetrain, gave the Leopard superior mobility and cross-country performance compared to most other main battle tanks of the era, only being rivaled by the French AMX-30 and Swedish Strv 103. The main armament of the Leopard consisted of a German license-built version of the British Royal Ordnance L7 105 mm rifled gun, one of the most effective and widespread tank guns of the era.

The design started as a collaborative project during the 1950s between West Germany and France, and later joined by Italy,^[1] but the partnership ended shortly after and the final design was ordered by the Bundeswehr, with full-scale production starting in 1965. In total, 6485 Leopard tanks have been built, of which 4744 were battle tanks and 1741 were utility and anti-aircraft variants, not including 80 prototypes and pre-series vehicles.

The Leopard quickly became a standard of many European militaries, and eventually served as the main battle tank in over a dozen countries worldwide, with West Germany, Italy and the Netherlands being the largest operators until their retirement. Since 1990, the Leopard 1 has gradually been relegated to secondary roles in most armies. In the German Army, the Leopard 1 was completely phased out in 2003 by the Leopard 2, while Leopard 1-based vehicles are still widely used in utility roles.

The Leopard 2 has replaced the Leopard 1 in service with many other nations, with derived vehicles using the Leopard 1 hull still seeing service. Currently, the largest operators are Greece, with 520 vehicles, Turkey, with 397 vehicles, Brazil with 378 vehicles and Chile with 202 vehicles. Most of these vehicles have been upgraded with various improvements to armour, firepower and sensors to maintain their ability to engage modern threats.