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Linux kernel

Linux kernel
Original author(s)Linus Torvalds
Developer(s)Community contributors
Linus Torvalds
Initial release0.02 (5 October 1991 (1991-10-05))
Stable release
6.9.3[2] Edit this on Wikidata / 30 May 2024
Preview release
6.10-rc2[3] Edit this on Wikidata / 2 June 2024
Repository
Written inC (C11 since 5.18, C89 before),[4]
Rust (since 6.1),[5]
Assembly language
Available inEnglish
LicenseGPL-2.0-only with Linux-syscall-note[6][7][8][a]
Websitekernel.org

The Linux kernel is a free and open-source,[12]: 4  UNIX-like kernel that is used in many computer systems worldwide. The kernel was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and soon after was adopted as the kernel for the GNU operating system (OS) which was created to be a free replacement for Unix.

Since the late 1990s, it has been included in many operating system distributions, many of which are called Linux. A notable Linux kernel operating system is Android which is used in many mobile and embedded devices.

The kernel has been tailored for a wide variety of computer hardware.[13] It can be tailored to some extent via build-time commands and configuration. It can also be tailored by modifying the source code.[14][15][16] Privileged users can fine-tune kernel parameters at runtime.[17][18][19]

Most of the kernel code is written in C as supported by the GNU compiler collection (GCC) which has extensions beyond standard C. [12]: 18 [20] The code also contains assembly code for architecture-specific logic such as optimizing memory use and task execution. [12]: 379–380 

The kernel has a modular design in the sense that modules can be integrated as software components – including dynamically loaded.

The kernel is monolithic in an architectural sense since the entire OS runs in kernel space.

Linux is provided under the GNU General Public License version 2 although it contains files under other compatible licenses.[11]

  1. ^ "Linux Logos and Mascots". Linux Online. 2008. Archived from the original on 15 August 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2009.
  2. ^ Greg Kroah-Hartman (30 May 2024). "Linux 6.9.3". Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  3. ^ Linus Torvalds (2 June 2024). "Linux 6.10-rc2". Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  4. ^ Bergmann, Arnd (3 March 2022). "Kbuild: move to -std=gnu11". git.kernel.org.
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference rust was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference COPYING_File was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ "GPL-2.0-only". spdx.org. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  8. ^ "Linux-syscall-note". spdx.org. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  9. ^ "GPL-2.0". git.kernel.org.
  10. ^ "Linux-syscall-note". git.kernel.org.
  11. ^ a b "Linux kernel licensing rules — The Linux Kernel documentation". www.kernel.org. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  12. ^ a b c Love, Robert (2010). Linux kernel development (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-672-32946-3. OCLC 268788260.
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference top500stats was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference :10 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference :11 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference :12 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference :13 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ Cite error: The named reference :14 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference :15 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ "C Extensions (Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC))". gcc.gnu.org. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.


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