Lise Meitner

Lise Meitner
Meitner in 1946
Born	Elise Meitner (1878-11-07)7 November 1878 Vienna, Austria-Hungary
Died	27 October 1968(1968-10-27) (aged 89) Cambridge, England
Resting place	St James' Church, Bramley, Hampshire
Citizenship	Austria (pre-1949) Sweden (post-1949)
Alma mater	University of Vienna (PhD, 1905)
Known for	Discovery of protactinium Discovery of nuclear fission Auger–Meitner effect Meitner–Hupfeld effect
Awards	Lieben Prize (1925) Max Planck Medal (1949) Otto Hahn Prize (1955) ForMemRS (1955) Wilhelm Exner Medal (1960) Enrico Fermi Award (1966)
Scientific career
Fields	Nuclear physics radioactivity
Institutions	Kaiser Wilhelm Institute University of Berlin, Manne Siegbahn Laboratory [sv] University College of Stockholm
Thesis	Prüfung einer Formel Maxwells  (1905)
Doctoral advisor	Franz S. Exner Hans Benndorf
Other academic advisors	Ludwig Boltzmann Max Planck
Doctoral students	Arnold Flammersfeld Kan-Chang Wang Max Delbrück Nikolaus Riehl
Signature

Lise Meitner (/ˈliːzə ˈmaɪtnər/ LEE-zə MYTE-nər, German: [ˈliːzə ˈmaɪtnɐ] ^ⓘ; born Elise Meitner, 7 November 1878 – 27 October 1968) was a Jewish Austrian physicist who was one of those responsible for the discovery of the element protactinium and would jointly confirm that nuclear fission was a replicable process within physics.^[1] While working on radioactivity at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Chemistry in Berlin, she discovered the radioactive isotope protactinium-231 in 1917.

Completing her doctoral research in 1905, Meitner became the second woman from the University of Vienna to earn a doctorate in physics. She spent much of her scientific career in Berlin, Germany, where she was a physics professor and a department head at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute; she was the first woman to become a full professor of physics in Germany. She lost her positions in 1935 because of the anti-Jewish Nuremberg Laws in what was now Nazi Germany. On 13-14 July 1938, she fled to Holland with the help of Dirk Coster after the Anschluss caused the loss of her Austrian citizenship for being Jewish. She lived in Stockholm, Sweden, for many years, ultimately becoming a Swedish citizen in 1949, but relocated to Britain in the 1950s to be with other family members.

In mid-1938, Meitner and chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry found that bombarding thorium with neutrons produced different isotopes. Hahn and Strassmann demonstrated that isotopes of barium could be formed by bombardment of uranium. Meitner was informed of their findings by Hahn, and in late December, Meitner and her nephew, fellow physicist Otto Robert Frisch, worked out the physics of such a splitting process by correctly re-interpreting Hahn and Strassmann's experimental data. On 13 January 1939, utilising the theoretical re-interpretation Meitner had concluded with Frisch in Sweden, Frisch replicated the process Hahn and Strassmann had observed. In Meitner and Frisch's report published in the February 1939 issue of Nature , they gave it the name "fission". The discovery of nuclear fission led to the development of the first atomic bomb during World War II, and subsequently other nuclear weapons, but also to the invention of nuclear reactors.

Meitner did not share the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for nuclear fission, which was awarded exclusively to her long-time collaborator Otto Hahn. Several scientists and journalists have called her exclusion "unjust". According to the Nobel Prize archive, she was nominated 19 times for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry between 1924 and 1948, and 30 times for the Nobel Prize in Physics between 1937 and 1967. Despite not having been awarded the Nobel Prize, Meitner was invited to attend the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting in 1962. She received many other honours, including the naming of chemical element 109 meitnerium in 1997 after her death. Meitner was praised by Albert Einstein as the "German Marie Curie".^[2]