Lithospermum erythrorhizon

Lithospermum erythrorhizon
	Leaves
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Boraginales
Family:	Boraginaceae
Genus:	Lithospermum
Species:	L. erythrorhizon
Binomial name
	Lithospermum erythrorhizon; Siebold & Zucc. 1846

Lithospermum erythrorhizon, commonly called purple gromwell, red stoneroot, red gromwell, red-root gromwell and redroot lithospermum, is a plant species in the family Boraginaceae.^[1] It is called zǐcǎo (紫草) in Chinese, jichi (지치) in Korean, and murasaki (ムラサキ; 紫) in Japanese.^[1]

The dried root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon (lithospermum root or Lithospermi Radix) is a Chinese herbal medicine with various antiviral and biological activities, including inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).^[2]^[3]

The genome of Lithospermum erythrorhizon has been sequenced and has facilitated the discovery of a putative retrotransposition-derived duplication event that produced a 4-hydroxybenzoate geranyltransferase gene involved in alkannin biosynthesis.^[4]

^ ^a ^b "Lithospermum erythrorhizon". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
^ Chen, X., et al. (2003). Shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine, inhibits chemokine receptor function and suppresses human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47(9), 2810-16.
^ Gao, H., et al. (2011). Anti-adenovirus activities of shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine in vitro. Biol Pharm Bull. 34(2) 197-202.
^ Auber, Robert P.; Suttiyut, Thiti; McCoy, Rachel M.; et al. (2020-06-01). "Hybrid de novo genome assembly of red gromwell (Lithospermum erythrorhizon) reveals evolutionary insight into shikonin biosynthesis". Horticulture Research. 7 (1): 82. Bibcode:2020HorR....7...82A. doi:10.1038/s41438-020-0301-9. PMC 7261806. PMID 32528694.

[GRIN-1] "Lithospermum erythrorhizon". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.

[2] Chen, X., et al. (2003). Shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine, inhibits chemokine receptor function and suppresses human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47(9), 2810-16.

[3] Gao, H., et al. (2011). Anti-adenovirus activities of shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine in vitro. Biol Pharm Bull. 34(2) 197-202.

[4] Auber, Robert P.; Suttiyut, Thiti; McCoy, Rachel M.; et al. (2020-06-01). "Hybrid de novo genome assembly of red gromwell (Lithospermum erythrorhizon) reveals evolutionary insight into shikonin biosynthesis". Horticulture Research. 7 (1): 82. Bibcode:2020HorR....7...82A. doi:10.1038/s41438-020-0301-9. PMC 7261806. PMID 32528694.

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