Little Ice Age volcanism

Little Ice Age volcanism refers to the massive volcanic activities during the Little Ice Age. Scientists suggested a hypothesis that volcanism was the major driving force of the global cooling among the other natural factors, i.e. the sunspot activities by orbital forcing and greenhouse gas. The Past Global Change (PAGES), a registered paleo-science association for scientific research and networking on past global changes in the University of Bern, Switzerland, suggested that from 1630 to 1850, a total of 16 major eruptions and cooling events had taken place.^[2] When a volcano erupts, ashes burst out of the vent together with magma and forms a cloud in the atmosphere. The ashes act as an isolating layer that block out a proportion of solar radiation, causing global cooling. The global cooling effect impacts ocean currents, atmospheric circulation and cause social impacts such as drought and famine. Wars and rebellions were therefore triggered worldwide in the Little Ice Age. It was suggested that the crisis on Ottoman Empire^[3] and Ming-Qing Transition^[4] in China were typical examples that closely correlated with Little Ice Age.

^ Hawkins, Ed (January 30, 2020). "2019 years". climate-lab-book.ac.uk. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. ("The data show that the modern period is very different to what occurred in the past. The often quoted Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age are real phenomena, but small compared to the recent changes.")
^ Crowley, Thomas (2008). "Volcanism and the Little Ice Age". PAGES. 16 (2): 22–23. doi:10.22498/pages.16.2.22.
^ White, Sam (2011). The Climate Rebellion in The Early Modern Ottoman Empire. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-1-107-00831-1.
^ Parker, Geoffrey (2013). "The Little Ice Age". Global Crisis: War, Climate Change, & Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century. Yale University Press. pp. 3–25. ISBN 978-0-300-20863-4.

[Hawkins_20200130-1] Hawkins, Ed (January 30, 2020). "2019 years". climate-lab-book.ac.uk. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. ("The data show that the modern period is very different to what occurred in the past. The often quoted Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age are real phenomena, but small compared to the recent changes.")

[:4-2] Crowley, Thomas (2008). "Volcanism and the Little Ice Age". PAGES. 16 (2): 22–23. doi:10.22498/pages.16.2.22.

[3] White, Sam (2011). The Climate Rebellion in The Early Modern Ottoman Empire. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-1-107-00831-1.

[:3-4] Parker, Geoffrey (2013). "The Little Ice Age". Global Crisis: War, Climate Change, & Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century. Yale University Press. pp. 3–25. ISBN 978-0-300-20863-4.

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