Llandovery Epoch

Llandovery
Llandovery
Chronology
←	Lau event
←	Mulde event
←	Ireviken event
	Subdivision of the Silurian according to the ICS, as of 2021.; Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.;
Etymology
Name formality	Formal
Name ratified	1984
Usage information
Celestial body	Earth
Regional usage	Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used	ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit	Epoch
Stratigraphic unit	Series
Time span formality	Formal
Lower boundary definition	FAD of the Graptolite Akidograptus ascensus
Lower boundary GSSP	Dob's Linn, Moffat, UK; 55°26′24″N 3°16′12″W / 55.4400°N 3.2700°W
Lower GSSP ratified	1984
Upper boundary definition	Imprecise. Currently placed between acritarch biozone 5 and last appearance of Pterospathodus amorphognathoides. See text for more info.
Upper boundary definition candidates	A conodont boundary (Ireviken datum 2) which is close to the murchisoni graptolite biozone.
Upper boundary GSSP candidate section(s)	None
Upper boundary GSSP	Hughley Brook, Apedale, UK; 52°34′52″N 2°38′20″W / 52.5811°N 2.6389°W
Upper GSSP ratified	1980

In the geological timescale, the Llandovery Epoch (from 443.8 ± 1.5 million years ago to 433.4 ± 0.8 million years ago) occurred at the beginning of the Silurian Period. The Llandoverian Epoch follows the massive Ordovician-Silurian extinction events, which led to a large decrease in biodiversity and an opening up of ecosystems.

Widespread reef building started in this period and continued into the Devonian Period when rising water temperatures are thought to have bleached out the coral by killing their photo symbionts.

The Llandoverian Epoch ended with the Ireviken event which killed off 50% of trilobite species, and 80% of the global conodont species.

^ Jeppsson, L.; Calner, M. (2007). "The Silurian Mulde Event and a scenario for secundo—secundo events". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 93 (02): 135–154. doi:10.1017/S0263593300000377.
^ Munnecke, A.; Samtleben, C.; Bickert, T. (2003). "The Ireviken Event in the lower Silurian of Gotland, Sweden-relation to similar Palaeozoic and Proterozoic events". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 195 (1): 99–124. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00304-3.
^ "Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
^ Lucas, Sepncer (6 November 2018). "The GSSP Method of Chronostratigraphy: A Critical Review". Frontiers in Earth Science. 6: 191. Bibcode:2018FrEaS...6..191L. doi:10.3389/feart.2018.00191.
^ Holland, C. (June 1985). "Series and Stages of the Silurian System" (PDF). Episodes. 8 (2): 101–103. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1985/v8i2/005. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
^ "GSSP for the Rhuddanian Stage". International Commission on Stratigraphy.

[Jeppsson2007-1] Jeppsson, L.; Calner, M. (2007). "The Silurian Mulde Event and a scenario for secundo—secundo events". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 93 (02): 135–154. doi:10.1017/S0263593300000377.

[Munnecke2003-2] Munnecke, A.; Samtleben, C.; Bickert, T. (2003). "The Ireviken Event in the lower Silurian of Gotland, Sweden-relation to similar Palaeozoic and Proterozoic events". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 195 (1): 99–124. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00304-3.

[3] "Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.

[4] Lucas, Sepncer (6 November 2018). "The GSSP Method of Chronostratigraphy: A Critical Review". Frontiers in Earth Science. 6: 191. Bibcode:2018FrEaS...6..191L. doi:10.3389/feart.2018.00191.

[5] Holland, C. (June 1985). "Series and Stages of the Silurian System" (PDF). Episodes. 8 (2): 101–103. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1985/v8i2/005. Retrieved 11 December 2020.

[rhuddanianICS-6] "GSSP for the Rhuddanian Stage". International Commission on Stratigraphy.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]