Locomotor activity

Locomotor activity is a measure of animal behavior which is employed in scientific research.^[1]^[2]

Hyperlocomotion, also known as locomotor hyperactivity, hyperactivity, or increased locomotor activity, is an effect of certain drugs in animals in which locomotor activity (locomotion) is increased.^[3] It is induced by certain drugs like psychostimulants and NMDA receptor antagonists and is reversed by certain other drugs like antipsychotics and certain antidepressants.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] Stimulation of locomotor activity is thought to be mediated by increased signaling in the nucleus accumbens, a major brain area involved in behavioral activation and motivated behavior.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

Hypolocomotion, also known as locomotor hypoactivity, hypoactivity, and decreased locomotor activity, is an effect of certain drugs in animals in which locomotor activity is decreased.^[11] It is a characteristic effect of many sedative agents and general anesthetics. Antipsychotics, which are dopamine receptor antagonists, and many serotonergic agents, such as meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), can also produce this effect, often as a side effect.^{[citation needed]}

Although locomotor activity is mainly an animal behavior test, it has also been evaluated in humans.^[1] People with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in the manic phase of bipolar disorder, on acute amphetamine, and with schizophrenia show increased locomotor activity, while children with autism show decreased locomotor activity.^[1] Conversely, reduced locomotor activity is observed in bipolar individuals on mood stabilizers^[1] and may be a characteristic symptom of the inattentive type of ADHD^[12] (ADHD-PI) and sluggish cognitive tempo.^{[citation needed]}

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Young JW, Minassian A, Geyer MA (2016). "Locomotor Profiling from Rodents to the Clinic and Back Again". Translational Neuropsychopharmacology. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. Vol. 28. pp. 287–303. doi:10.1007/7854_2015_5015. ISBN 978-3-319-33911-5. PMID 27418071.
^ Klein CJ, Budiman T, Homberg JR, Verma D, Keijer J, van Schothorst EM (2022). "Measuring Locomotor Activity and Behavioral Aspects of Rodents Living in the Home-Cage". Front Behav Neurosci. 16: 877323. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.877323. PMC 9021872. PMID 35464142.
^ ^a ^b Castagné, Vincent; Moser, Paul C.; Porsolt, Roger D. (2009). "Preclinical Behavioral Models for Predicting Antipsychotic Activity". Advances in Pharmacology. Vol. 57. Elsevier. pp. 381–418. doi:10.1016/s1054-3589(08)57010-4. ISBN 978-0-12-378642-5. ISSN 1054-3589. PMID 20230767.
^ Cite error: The named reference AyyarRavinder2023 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference YeeSinger2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference TuckerFile1986 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference D'AquilaColluGessa2000 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Ikemoto S, Panksepp J (December 1999). "The role of nucleus accumbens dopamine in motivated behavior: a unifying interpretation with special reference to reward-seeking". Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 31 (1): 6–41. doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(99)00023-5. PMID 10611493.
^ Salamone JD, Pardo M, Yohn SE, López-Cruz L, SanMiguel N, Correa M (2016). "Mesolimbic Dopamine and the Regulation of Motivated Behavior". Behavioral Neuroscience of Motivation. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. Vol. 27. pp. 231–257. doi:10.1007/7854_2015_383. ISBN 978-3-319-26933-7. PMID 26323245.
^ Salamone JD, Correa M (January 2024). "The Neurobiology of Activational Aspects of Motivation: Exertion of Effort, Effort-Based Decision Making, and the Role of Dopamine". Annu Rev Psychol. 75: 1–32. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-020223-012208. hdl:10234/207207. PMID 37788571.
^ "APA Dictionary of Psychology". dictionary.apa.org. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
^ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1.

[YoungMinassianGeyer2016-1] Young JW, Minassian A, Geyer MA (2016). "Locomotor Profiling from Rodents to the Clinic and Back Again". Translational Neuropsychopharmacology. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. Vol. 28. pp. 287–303. doi:10.1007/7854_2015_5015. ISBN 978-3-319-33911-5. PMID 27418071.

[KleinBudimanHomberg2022-2] Klein CJ, Budiman T, Homberg JR, Verma D, Keijer J, van Schothorst EM (2022). "Measuring Locomotor Activity and Behavioral Aspects of Rodents Living in the Home-Cage". Front Behav Neurosci. 16: 877323. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.877323. PMC 9021872. PMID 35464142.

[CastagnéMoserPorsolt2009-3] Castagné, Vincent; Moser, Paul C.; Porsolt, Roger D. (2009). "Preclinical Behavioral Models for Predicting Antipsychotic Activity". Advances in Pharmacology. Vol. 57. Elsevier. pp. 381–418. doi:10.1016/s1054-3589(08)57010-4. ISBN 978-0-12-378642-5. ISSN 1054-3589. PMID 20230767.

[AyyarRavinder2023-4] Cite error: The named reference AyyarRavinder2023 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[YeeSinger2013-5] Cite error: The named reference YeeSinger2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[TuckerFile1986-6] Cite error: The named reference TuckerFile1986 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[D'AquilaColluGessa2000-7] Cite error: The named reference D'AquilaColluGessa2000 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[IkemotoPanksepp1999-8] Ikemoto S, Panksepp J (December 1999). "The role of nucleus accumbens dopamine in motivated behavior: a unifying interpretation with special reference to reward-seeking". Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 31 (1): 6–41. doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(99)00023-5. PMID 10611493.

[SalamonePardoYohn2016-9] Salamone JD, Pardo M, Yohn SE, López-Cruz L, SanMiguel N, Correa M (2016). "Mesolimbic Dopamine and the Regulation of Motivated Behavior". Behavioral Neuroscience of Motivation. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. Vol. 27. pp. 231–257. doi:10.1007/7854_2015_383. ISBN 978-3-319-26933-7. PMID 26323245.

[SalamoneCorrea2024-10] Salamone JD, Correa M (January 2024). "The Neurobiology of Activational Aspects of Motivation: Exertion of Effort, Effort-Based Decision Making, and the Role of Dopamine". Annu Rev Psychol. 75: 1–32. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-020223-012208. hdl:10234/207207. PMID 37788571.

[11] "APA Dictionary of Psychology". dictionary.apa.org. Retrieved 2023-09-26.

[12] Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1.

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