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Lymphoma

Lymphoma
Follicular lymphoma replacing a lymph node
SpecialtyHematology and oncology
SymptomsEnlarged lymph nodes, fever, sweats, unintended weight loss, itching, feeling tired[1][2]
Risk factorsEpstein–Barr virus, autoimmune diseases, HIV/AIDS, tobacco smoking[2][3]
Diagnostic methodLymph node biopsy[1][2]
TreatmentChemotherapy, radiation therapy, proton therapy, targeted therapy, surgery[1][2]
PrognosisAverage five year survival 85% (USA)[4]
Frequency4.9 million (2015)[5]
Deaths204,700 (2015)[6]

Lymphoma is a group of blood and lymph tumors that develop from lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).[7] The name typically refers to just the cancerous versions rather than all such tumours.[7] Signs and symptoms may include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, drenching sweats, unintended weight loss, itching, and constantly feeling tired.[1][2] The enlarged lymph nodes are usually painless.[1] The sweats are most common at night.[1][2]

Many subtypes of lymphomas are known.[8] The two main categories of lymphomas are the non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (90% of cases)[9][10] and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) (10%).[9] Lymphomas, leukemias and myelomas are a part of the broader group of tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues.[11]

Risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma include infection with Epstein–Barr virus and a history of the disease in the family.[1] Risk factors for common types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas include autoimmune diseases, HIV/AIDS, infection with human T-lymphotropic virus, immunosuppressant medications, and some pesticides.[2][12] In 2014, the International Agency for Research on Cancer updated its classification of trichloroethylene to Group 1, indicating that sufficient evidence exists that it causes cancer of the kidney in humans as well as some evidence of cancer of the liver and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.[13] Eating large amounts of red meat and tobacco smoking may also increase the risk.[3][14][15] Diagnosis, if enlarged lymph nodes are present, is usually by lymph node biopsy.[1][2] Blood, urine, and bone marrow testing may also be useful in the diagnosis.[2] Medical imaging may then be done to determine if and where the cancer has spread.[1][2] Lymphoma most often spreads to the lungs, liver, and brain.[1][2]

Treatment may involve one or more of the following: chemotherapy, radiation therapy, proton therapy, targeted therapy, and surgery.[1][2] In some non-Hodgkin lymphomas, an increased amount of protein produced by the lymphoma cells causes the blood to become so thick that plasmapheresis is performed to remove the protein.[2] Watchful waiting may be appropriate for certain types.[2] The outcome depends on the subtype with some being curable and treatment prolonging survival in most.[9] The five-year survival rate in the United States for all Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes is 85%,[4] while that for non-Hodgkin lymphomas is 69%.[16] Worldwide, lymphomas developed in 566,000 people in 2012 and caused 305,000 deaths.[17] They make up 3–4% of all cancers, making them as a group the seventh-most common form.[17][18] In children, they are the third-most common cancer.[19] They occur more often in the developed world than the developing world.[17]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "General Information About Adult Hodgkin Lymphoma". National Cancer Institute. 2014-04-23. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "General Information About Adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma". National Cancer Institute. 2014-04-25. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  3. ^ a b Kamper-Jørgensen M, Rostgaard K, Glaser SL, Zahm SH, Cozen W, Smedby KE, et al. (September 2013). "Cigarette smoking and risk of Hodgkin lymphoma and its subtypes: a pooled analysis from the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium (InterLymph)". Annals of Oncology. 24 (9): 2245–2255. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt218. PMC 3755332. PMID 23788758.
  4. ^ a b "Hodgkin Lymphoma—SEER Stat Fact Sheets". Seer.cancer.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-10-17. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
  5. ^ Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
  6. ^ Wang H, et al. (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
  7. ^ a b Taylor EJ (2000). Dorland's Illustrated medical dictionary (29th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 1038. ISBN 0-7216-6254-4.
  8. ^ Aditya Bardia (2010). Johns Hopkins Patients' Guide to Lymphoma. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4496-3141-3. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.
  9. ^ a b c The Lymphoma Guide Information for Patients and Caregivers (PDF). 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  10. ^ "Lymphoma". NCI. 2011-02-02. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  11. ^ Vardiman JW, Thiele J, Arber DA, Brunning RD, Borowitz MJ, Porwit A, et al. (July 2009). "The 2008 revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia: rationale and important changes". Blood. 114 (5): 937–951. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-03-209262. PMID 19357394. S2CID 3101472.
  12. ^ Hu L, Luo D, Zhou T, Tao Y, Feng J, Mei S (December 2017). "The association between non-Hodgkin lymphoma and organophosphate pesticides exposure: A meta-analysis". Environmental Pollution. 231 (Pt 1): 319–328. Bibcode:2017EPoll.231..319H. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.028. PMID 28810201.
  13. ^ Trichloroethylene (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 106, 2014) (PDF). iarc.fr. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
  14. ^ Yang L, Dong J, Jiang S, Shi W, Xu X, Huang H, et al. (November 2015). "Red and Processed Meat Consumption Increases Risk for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A PRISMA-Compliant Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies". Medicine. 94 (45): e1729. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000001729. PMC 4912242. PMID 26559248.
  15. ^ Solimini AG, Lombardi AM, Palazzo C, De Giusti M (May 2016). "Meat intake and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies". Cancer Causes & Control. 27 (5): 595–606. doi:10.1007/s10552-016-0745-2. hdl:11573/865541. PMID 27076059. S2CID 17430078.
  16. ^ "SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma". NCI. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  17. ^ a b c World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 5.13. ISBN 978-92-832-0429-9.
  18. ^ Marcus R (2013). Lymphoma : pathology, diagnosis and treatment (Second ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-107-01059-8. Archived from the original on 2015-09-06.
  19. ^ Tepper John E. Niederhuber, James O. Armitage, James H. Doroshow, Michael B. Kastan, Joel E. (2014). "Childhood lymphoma". Abeloff's clinical oncology (Fifth ed.). Elsevier. p. Chapter 97. ISBN 978-1-4557-2865-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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