Made in China 2025

Made in China 2025 (Chinese: 中国制造2025; pinyin: Zhōngguózhìzào èrlíng'èrwǔ)^[1] (MIC25,^[2] MIC 2025,^[3] or MIC2025)^[4] is a national strategic plan and industrial policy^[5] of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to further develop the manufacturing sector of China, issued by CCP general secretary Xi Jinping and Chinese Premier Li Keqiang's cabinet in May 2015.^[6] As part of the thirteenth and fourteenth five-year plans, China aims to move away from being the "world's factory"—a producer of cheap low-tech goods facilitated by lower labour costs and supply chain advantages. The industrial policy aims to upgrade the manufacturing capabilities of Chinese industries, growing from labor-intensive workshops into a more technology-intensive powerhouse.^[7]

Made in China 2025's goals include increasing the Chinese-domestic content of core materials to 40 percent by 2020 and 70 percent by 2025.^[8] To help achieve independence from foreign suppliers, the initiative encourages increased production in high-tech products and services, with its semiconductor industry central to the industrial plan, partly because advances in chip technology may "lead to breakthroughs in other areas of technology, handing the advantage to whoever has the best chips – an advantage that currently is out of Beijing’s reach."^{[4][9][10][11]}

Since 2018, following a backlash from the U.S., Europe, and elsewhere, the phrase "MIC 2025" has been de-emphasized in government and other official communications,^[12][13] while the program remains in place. The Chinese government continues to invest heavily in identified technologies.^[12] In 2018, the Chinese government committed to investing roughly US$300 billion into achieving the industrial plan.^[11] In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, at least an additional $1.4 trillion was also invested into MIC 2025 initiatives.^[14] Given China's current middle income country status, the practicality of its disproportionate expenditure on pioneering new technologies has been called into question.^[15][16]