Male infertility

Male infertility
Male infertility
Specialty	Urology

Male infertility refers to a sexually mature male's inability to impregnate a fertile female.^[1] In humans, it accounts for 40–50% of infertility.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] It affects approximately 7% of all men.^[6] Male infertility is commonly due to deficiencies in the semen, and semen quality is used as a surrogate measure of male fecundity.^[7] More recently, advance sperm analyses that examine intracellular sperm components are being developed.^[2]^[8]

^ Leslie, Stephen W.; Siref, Larry E.; Khan, Moien AB (2020), "Male Infertility", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32965929, retrieved 2020-11-26
^ ^a ^b Pandruvada, Swati; Royfman, Rachel; Shah, Tariq A.; Sindhwani, Puneet; Dupree, James M.; Schon, Samantha; Avidor-Reiss, Tomer (February 2021). "Lack of trusted diagnostic tools for undetermined male infertility". Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 38 (2): 265–276. doi:10.1007/s10815-020-02037-5. PMC 7884538. PMID 33389378.
^ "Men's Health - Male Factor Infertility". University of Utah Health Sciences Center. 2003-04-01. Archived from the original on 2007-07-04. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
^ Brugh, Victor M; Lipshultz, Larry I (March 2004). "Male factor infertility". Medical Clinics of North America. 88 (2): 367–385. doi:10.1016/S0025-7125(03)00150-0. PMID 15049583.
^ Hirsh, A. (20 September 2003). "Male subfertility". BMJ. 327 (7416): 669–672. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7416.669. PMC 196399. PMID 14500443.
^ Lotti, F.; Maggi, M. (1 January 2015). "Ultrasound of the male genital tract in relation to male reproductive health". Human Reproduction Update. 21 (1): 56–83. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu042. hdl:2158/956381. PMID 25038770.
^ Cooper, Trevor G.; Noonan, Elizabeth; von Eckardstein, Sigrid; Auger, Jacques; Baker, H.W. Gordon; Behre, Hermann M.; Haugen, Trine B.; Kruger, Thinus; Wang, Christina; Mbizvo, Michael T.; Vogelsong, Kirsten M. (1 January 2010). "World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics*‡". Human Reproduction Update. 16 (3): 231–245. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmp048. PMID 19934213.
^ Turner, Katerina A.; Rambhatla, Amarnath; Schon, Samantha; Agarwal, Ashok; Krawetz, Stephen A.; Dupree, James M.; Avidor-Reiss, Tomer (16 April 2020). "Male Infertility is a Women's Health Issue—Research and Clinical Evaluation of Male Infertility Is Needed". Cells. 9 (4): 990. doi:10.3390/cells9040990. PMC 7226946. PMID 32316195.

[1] Leslie, Stephen W.; Siref, Larry E.; Khan, Moien AB (2020), "Male Infertility", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32965929, retrieved 2020-11-26

[Pandruvada_et_al_2021-2] Pandruvada, Swati; Royfman, Rachel; Shah, Tariq A.; Sindhwani, Puneet; Dupree, James M.; Schon, Samantha; Avidor-Reiss, Tomer (February 2021). "Lack of trusted diagnostic tools for undetermined male infertility". Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 38 (2): 265–276. doi:10.1007/s10815-020-02037-5. PMC 7884538. PMID 33389378.

[titleMen's_Health_-_Male_Factor_Infertility-3] "Men's Health - Male Factor Infertility". University of Utah Health Sciences Center. 2003-04-01. Archived from the original on 2007-07-04. Retrieved 2007-11-21.

[4] Brugh, Victor M; Lipshultz, Larry I (March 2004). "Male factor infertility". Medical Clinics of North America. 88 (2): 367–385. doi:10.1016/S0025-7125(03)00150-0. PMID 15049583.

[5] Hirsh, A. (20 September 2003). "Male subfertility". BMJ. 327 (7416): 669–672. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7416.669. PMC 196399. PMID 14500443.

[LottiMaggi2014-6] Lotti, F.; Maggi, M. (1 January 2015). "Ultrasound of the male genital tract in relation to male reproductive health". Human Reproduction Update. 21 (1): 56–83. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu042. hdl:2158/956381. PMID 25038770.

[7] Cooper, Trevor G.; Noonan, Elizabeth; von Eckardstein, Sigrid; Auger, Jacques; Baker, H.W. Gordon; Behre, Hermann M.; Haugen, Trine B.; Kruger, Thinus; Wang, Christina; Mbizvo, Michael T.; Vogelsong, Kirsten M. (1 January 2010). "World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics*‡". Human Reproduction Update. 16 (3): 231–245. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmp048. PMID 19934213.

[8] Turner, Katerina A.; Rambhatla, Amarnath; Schon, Samantha; Agarwal, Ashok; Krawetz, Stephen A.; Dupree, James M.; Avidor-Reiss, Tomer (16 April 2020). "Male Infertility is a Women's Health Issue—Research and Clinical Evaluation of Male Infertility Is Needed". Cells. 9 (4): 990. doi:10.3390/cells9040990. PMC 7226946. PMID 32316195.

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