Republic of Mali | |
---|---|
Motto: "Un peuple, un but, une foi" (French) "Mɔgɔ kelen, laɲini kelen, dannaya kelen" (Bambara) "One people, one goal, one faith" | |
Anthem: "Le Mali" (French) | |
![]() Location of Mali (green) | |
Capital and largest city | Bamako 12°39′N 8°0′W / 12.650°N 8.000°W |
Official languages | 13 national languages[2][3] |
Working language | |
Spoken languages | |
Ethnic groups | |
Religion (2021)[7] | |
Demonym(s) | Malian |
Government | Unitary presidential republic under a military junta[8] |
Assimi Goïta (interim) | |
Choguel Kokalla Maïga (interim) | |
Legislature | National Assembly |
Formation | |
1235 | |
• Establishment of the Sudanese Republic | 24 November 1958 |
• Merger with Senegal to create the Mali Federation | 4 April 1959 |
• Independence from France | 20 June 1960 |
• Dissolution of the Mali Federation | 20 August 1960 |
• Declaration of the Republic of Mali | 22 September 1960 |
Area | |
• Total | 1,241,238[9] km2 (479,245 sq mi) (23rd) |
• Water (%) | 1.6 |
Population | |
• 2024 estimate | 21,990,607[10] (61st) |
• Density | 11.7/km2 (30.3/sq mi) (215th) |
GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | ![]() |
• Per capita | ![]() |
GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | ![]() |
• Per capita | ![]() |
Gini (2010) | 33.0[12] medium inequality |
HDI (2022) | ![]() low (188th) |
Currency | West African CFA franc (XOF) |
Time zone | UTC (GMT) |
Date format | dd/mm/yyyy |
Driving side | right[14] |
Calling code | +223 |
ISO 3166 code | ML |
Internet TLD | .ml |
Mali,[c] officially the Republic of Mali,[d] is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of over 1,241,238 square kilometres (479,245 sq mi).[9] The country is bordered to the north by Algeria, to the east by Niger, to the northwest by Mauritania, to the south by Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast, and to the west by Guinea and Senegal. The population of Mali is 21.9 million,[15][16] 67% of which was estimated to be under the age of 25 in 2017.[17] Its capital and largest city is Bamako. The country has 13 official languages, of which Bambara is the most commonly spoken, although French is a frequent lingua franca.
The sovereign state's northern borders reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert. The country's southern part, where the majority of inhabitants live, is in the Sudanian savanna and has the Niger and Senegal rivers running through it. The country's economy centres on agriculture and mining. Its most prominent natural resources include gold, of which it is the third largest producer in Africa,[18] and salt.[19]
Mali was part of three successive powerful and wealthy West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire (for which Ghana is named), the Mali Empire (for which Mali is named), and the Songhai Empire. At its peak in 1300, the Mali Empire was the wealthiest country in Africa[20] with its 14th-century emperor Mansa Musa believed to be one of the wealthiest individuals in history.[21][22][23] Besides being a hub of trade and mining, medieval Mali was a centre of Islam, culture and knowledge, with Timbuktu becoming a renowned place of learning with its university, one of the oldest in the world and still active. The expanding Songhai Empire absorbed the empire in 1468,[not verified in body] followed by a Saadian army which defeated the Songhai in 1591. In the late 19th century, during the Scramble for Africa, France seized control of Mali, making it a part of French Sudan; as the Sudanese Republic, a brief federation with Senegal was formed, achieving independence in 1960. After Senegal's withdrawal, the Republic of Mali was established. After a long period of one-party rule, a coup in 1991 led to a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state.
In January 2012, an armed conflict broke out in northern Mali, in which Tuareg rebels took control of a territory in the north, and in April declared the secession of a new state, Azawad.[24] The conflict was complicated by a military coup in March 2012[25] and later fighting between Tuareg and other rebel factions. In response to territorial gains, the French military launched Operation Serval in January 2013.[26] A month later, Malian and French forces recaptured most of the north, although the conflict continued. Presidential elections were held on 28 July 2013, with a second-round run-off held on 11 August, and legislative elections were held on 24 November and 15 December 2013. In the early 2020s, Mali experienced two military takeovers by Assimi Goïta.
Article 31 : Les langues nationales sont les langues officielles du Mali.[Article 31: The national languages are the official languages of Mali.]
Selon la Loi n°96- 049 du 23 août 1996, les langues nationales du Mali sont : (...)[According to Law No. 96-049 of 23 August 1996, the national languages of Mali are: (...)]
Article 31 : Le français est la langue de travail. L'Etat peut adopter toute autre langue comme langue de travail.[Article 31: French is the working language. The State may adopt any other language as its working language.]
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