Malolos Constitution

Malolos Constitution
General Aguinaldo (seated, center) and ten of the delegates to the first assembly that passed the constitution, in Barasoain Church, Malolos (Taken December 8, 1929)
Overview
Jurisdiction	First Philippine Republic
Ratified	January 21, 1899
System	Parliamentary republic
Chambers	Malolos Congress (National Assembly)
Location	Malolos, Bulacan
Author(s)	Felipe Calderón y Roca and Felipe Buencamino
Signatories	Malolos Congress
Full text
Constitution of the Philippines (1899) at Wikisource

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The Political Constitution of 1899 (Spanish: Constitución Política de 1899), informally known as the Malolos Constitution, was the constitution of the First Philippine Republic. It was written by Felipe Calderón y Roca and Felipe Buencamino as an alternative to a pair of proposals to the Malolos Congress by Apolinario Mabini and Pedro Paterno. After a lengthy debate in the latter part of 1898, it was promulgated on January 21, 1899.^[1]

The constitution placed limitations on unsupervised freedom of action by the chief executive which would have hampered rapid decision making.^[2] As it was created during the fight for Philippine independence from Spain, however, its Article 99 allowed unhampered executive freedom of action during wartime.^[3] Unsupervised executive governance continued throughout the Philippine–American War which erupted soon after proclamation.^[4]