Mangrove restoration

Mangrove restoration is the regeneration of mangrove forest ecosystems in areas where they have previously existed. Restoration can be defined as "the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed."^[1] Mangroves can be found throughout coastal wetlands of tropical and subtropical environments. Mangroves provide essential ecosystem services such as water filtration, aquatic nurseries, medicinal materials, food, and lumber.^[2] Additionally, mangroves play a vital role in climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration and protection from coastal erosion, sea level rise, and storm surges. Mangrove habitat is declining due to human activities such as clearing land for industry and climate change.^[2]^[3] Mangrove restoration is critical as mangrove habitat continues to rapidly decline. Different methods have been used to restore mangrove habitat, such as looking at historical topography, or mass seed dispersal.^[4]^[5] Fostering the long-term success of mangrove restoration is attainable by involving local communities through stakeholder engagement.^[6]

^ Ounanian, Kristen; Carballo-Cárdenas, Eira; van Tatenhove, Jan P.M.; Delaney, Alyne; Papadopoulou, K. Nadia; Smith, Christopher J. (October 2018). "Governing marine ecosystem restoration: the role of discourses and uncertainties". Marine Policy. 96: 136–144. Bibcode:2018MarPo..96..136O. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2018.08.014. ISSN 0308-597X. S2CID 158201522.
^ ^a ^b Kuenzer, Claudia; Bluemel, Andrea; Gebhardt, Steffen; Quoc, Tuan Vo; Dech, Stefan (2011-04-27). "Remote Sensing of Mangrove Ecosystems: A Review". Remote Sensing. 3 (5): 878–928. Bibcode:2011RemS....3..878K. doi:10.3390/rs3050878. ISSN 2072-4292.
^ The world's mangroves 1980-2005. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2007. ISBN 9789251058565.
^ Field, C.D. (1998). "Rehabilitation of Mangrove Ecosystems: An Overview". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 37 (8–12): 383–392. doi:10.1016/s0025-326x(99)00106-x.
^ Guest, Peter (April 28, 2019). "Tropical forests are dying. Seed-slinging drones can save them". WIRED. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
^ Stone, Kathy; Bhat, Mahadev; Bhatta, Ramachandra; Mathews, Andrew (January 2008). "Factors influencing community participation in mangroves restoration: A contingent valuation analysis". Ocean & Coastal Management. 51 (6): 476–484. Bibcode:2008OCM....51..476S. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2008.02.001. ISSN 0964-5691.

[1] Ounanian, Kristen; Carballo-Cárdenas, Eira; van Tatenhove, Jan P.M.; Delaney, Alyne; Papadopoulou, K. Nadia; Smith, Christopher J. (October 2018). "Governing marine ecosystem restoration: the role of discourses and uncertainties". Marine Policy. 96: 136–144. Bibcode:2018MarPo..96..136O. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2018.08.014. ISSN 0308-597X. S2CID 158201522.

[:02-2] Kuenzer, Claudia; Bluemel, Andrea; Gebhardt, Steffen; Quoc, Tuan Vo; Dech, Stefan (2011-04-27). "Remote Sensing of Mangrove Ecosystems: A Review". Remote Sensing. 3 (5): 878–928. Bibcode:2011RemS....3..878K. doi:10.3390/rs3050878. ISSN 2072-4292.

[Food_and_Agriculture_Organization2-3] The world's mangroves 1980-2005. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2007. ISBN 9789251058565.

[Field2-4] Field, C.D. (1998). "Rehabilitation of Mangrove Ecosystems: An Overview". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 37 (8–12): 383–392. doi:10.1016/s0025-326x(99)00106-x.

[Guest2-5] Guest, Peter (April 28, 2019). "Tropical forests are dying. Seed-slinging drones can save them". WIRED. Retrieved 11 August 2021.

[:2-6] Stone, Kathy; Bhat, Mahadev; Bhatta, Ramachandra; Mathews, Andrew (January 2008). "Factors influencing community participation in mangroves restoration: A contingent valuation analysis". Ocean & Coastal Management. 51 (6): 476–484. Bibcode:2008OCM....51..476S. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2008.02.001. ISSN 0964-5691.

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