Mania

Mania
Mania
Other names	Manic syndrome, manic episode
Specialty	Psychiatry
Symptoms	Euphoria or dysphoria; inflated self-esteem; irritability; persistent wakefulness; flight of ideas; pressured speech; hyperactivity; distractibility; emotional lability; disinhibition; aggression; impulsivity; psychosis;
Complications	Psychosis; delirium; catatonia; poor judgment; hypersexuality; subsequent depression;
Causes	Bipolar disorder; postpartum psychosis; certain medications; multiple sclerosis;
Differential diagnosis	Hypomania; hyperthyroidism; substance intoxication;
Medication	Mood stabilizers; antipsychotics;

Mania, also known as manic syndrome, is a psychiatric behavioral syndrome^[1]^[2] defined as a state of abnormally elevated arousal, affect, and energy level.^[3] During a manic episode, an individual will experience rapidly changing emotions and moods, highly influenced by surrounding stimuli. Although mania is often conceived of as a "mirror image" to depression, the heightened mood can be dysphoric as well as euphoric.^[4] As the mania intensifies, irritability can be more pronounced and result in anxiety or anger.

The symptoms of mania include elevated mood (either euphoric or irritable), flight of ideas, pressure of speech, increased energy, decreased "need" and desire for sleep, and hyperactivity. They are most plainly evident in fully developed hypomanic states, however, in full-blown mania, these symptoms become progressively exacerbated. In severe manic episodes, these symptoms may even be obscured by other signs and symptoms characteristic of psychosis, such as delusions (it may include delusions of grandeur and paranoid delusions^[5]), hallucinations, fragmentation of behavior, and catatonia.^[6]

^ Sartorius, Norman; Henderson, A.S.; Strotzka, H.; Lipowski, Z.; Yu-cun, Shen; You-xin, Xu; Strömgren, E.; Glatzel, J.; Kühne, G.-E.; Misès, R.; Soldatos, C.R.; Pull, C.B.; Giel, R.; Jegede, R.; Malt, U.; Nadzharov, R.A.; Smulevitch, A.B.; Hagberg, B.; Perris, C.; Scharfetter, C.; Clare, A.; Cooper, J.E.; Corbett, J.A.; Griffith Edwards, J.; Gelder, M.; Goldberg, D.; Gossop, M.; Graham, P.; Kendell, R.E.; Marks, I.; Russell, G.; Rutter, M.; Shepherd, M.; West, D.J.; Wing, J.; Wing, L.; Neki, J.S.; Benson, F.; Cantwell, D.; Guze, S.; Helzer, J.; Holzman, P.; Kleinman, A.; Kupfer, D.J.; Mezzich, J.; Spitzer, R.; Lokar, J. "The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines" (PDF). www.who.int World Health Organization. p. 30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2004. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
^ "Mania: Symptoms, diagnosis, treatments, and more". medicalnewstoday.com. 2021-07-30. Archived from the original on 2024-04-27. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
^ Berrios GE (2004). "Of mania". History of Psychiatry. 15 (57 Pt 1): 105–124. doi:10.1177/0957154X04041829. PMID 15104084. S2CID 144834866.
^ "Dysphoric mania: Symptoms, facts, and treatment". 29 November 2018. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
^ Picardi, Angelo; Fonzi, Laura; Pallagrosi, Mauro; Gigantesco, Antonella; Biondi, Massimo (2018-04-05). "Delusional Themes Across Affective and Non-Affective Psychoses". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00132. ISSN 1664-0640. PMC 5895977. PMID 29674982.
^ Cite error: The named reference ICD was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[1] Sartorius, Norman; Henderson, A.S.; Strotzka, H.; Lipowski, Z.; Yu-cun, Shen; You-xin, Xu; Strömgren, E.; Glatzel, J.; Kühne, G.-E.; Misès, R.; Soldatos, C.R.; Pull, C.B.; Giel, R.; Jegede, R.; Malt, U.; Nadzharov, R.A.; Smulevitch, A.B.; Hagberg, B.; Perris, C.; Scharfetter, C.; Clare, A.; Cooper, J.E.; Corbett, J.A.; Griffith Edwards, J.; Gelder, M.; Goldberg, D.; Gossop, M.; Graham, P.; Kendell, R.E.; Marks, I.; Russell, G.; Rutter, M.; Shepherd, M.; West, D.J.; Wing, J.; Wing, L.; Neki, J.S.; Benson, F.; Cantwell, D.; Guze, S.; Helzer, J.; Holzman, P.; Kleinman, A.; Kupfer, D.J.; Mezzich, J.; Spitzer, R.; Lokar, J. "The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines" (PDF). www.who.int World Health Organization. p. 30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2004. Retrieved 3 July 2021.

[2] "Mania: Symptoms, diagnosis, treatments, and more". medicalnewstoday.com. 2021-07-30. Archived from the original on 2024-04-27. Retrieved 2024-04-27.

[3] Berrios GE (2004). "Of mania". History of Psychiatry. 15 (57 Pt 1): 105–124. doi:10.1177/0957154X04041829. PMID 15104084. S2CID 144834866.

[4] "Dysphoric mania: Symptoms, facts, and treatment". 29 November 2018. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2020.

[5] Picardi, Angelo; Fonzi, Laura; Pallagrosi, Mauro; Gigantesco, Antonella; Biondi, Massimo (2018-04-05). "Delusional Themes Across Affective and Non-Affective Psychoses". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00132. ISSN 1664-0640. PMC 5895977. PMID 29674982.

[ICD-6] Cite error: The named reference ICD was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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