Manifesto of Race

The "Manifesto of Race" (Italian: Manifesto della razza), otherwise referred to as the Charter of Race or the Racial Manifesto, was an Italian manifesto promulgated by the government of Benito Mussolini on 14 July 1938. Its promulgation was followed by the enactment, in October 1938, of the Racial Laws in Fascist Italy and the Italian Empire.^[1]^[2]^[3]

The anti-Semitic laws stripped the Italian Jews of their Italian citizenship, and they also stripped them of their governmental and professional positions.^[1] The manifesto demonstrated the substantial influence of Adolf Hitler over Benito Mussolini since Fascist Italy's growing relations with Nazi Germany, following the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.^[4] Mussolini had earlier issued statements ridiculing especially the racial policies and theories of the Nazi Party (NSDAP), and highly contradictory statements regarding antisemitism and Italian Jews, many of which had supported the National Fascist Party (PNF) earlier throughout the dictatorship.^[1] Starting with the manifesto, the National Fascist Party took a course considerably more in line with the ideology of German Nazism.^[5]^[6]^[7]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Shinn, Christopher A. (2019) [2016]. "Inside the Italian Empire: Colonial Africa, Race Wars, and the 'Southern Question'". In Kirkland, Ewan (ed.). Shades of Whiteness. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 35–51. doi:10.1163/9781848883833_005. ISBN 978-1-84888-383-3. S2CID 201401541.
^ ^a ^b Gentile, Emilio (2004). "Fascism in Power: The Totalitarian Experiment". In Griffin, Roger; Feldman, Matthew (eds.). Fascism: Critical Concepts in Political Science. Vol. IV (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 44–45. ISBN 9780415290159.
^ ^a ^b Negash, Tekeste (1997). "Introduction: The legacy of Italian colonialism". Eritrea and Ethiopia: The Federal Experience. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. pp. 13–17. ISBN 978-91-7106-406-6. OCLC 1122565258.
^ Hollander, Ethan J. (1997). Italian Fascism and the Jews (PDF). San Diego: University of California Press. ISBN 0-8039-4648-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2008.
^ Montagu, Ashley (1997). Man's Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780803946484.
^ "INTERNATIONAL: Pax Romanizing - TIME". Time. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
^ "Thirty centuries of history allow us to look with supreme pity on certain doctrines which are preached beyond the Alps by the descendants of those who were illiterate when Rome had Caesar, Virgil, and Augustus".

[Shinn_2019-1] Shinn, Christopher A. (2019) [2016]. "Inside the Italian Empire: Colonial Africa, Race Wars, and the 'Southern Question'". In Kirkland, Ewan (ed.). Shades of Whiteness. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 35–51. doi:10.1163/9781848883833_005. ISBN 978-1-84888-383-3. S2CID 201401541.

[Gentile_2004-2] Gentile, Emilio (2004). "Fascism in Power: The Totalitarian Experiment". In Griffin, Roger; Feldman, Matthew (eds.). Fascism: Critical Concepts in Political Science. Vol. IV (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 44–45. ISBN 9780415290159.

[Negash_1997-3] Negash, Tekeste (1997). "Introduction: The legacy of Italian colonialism". Eritrea and Ethiopia: The Federal Experience. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. pp. 13–17. ISBN 978-91-7106-406-6. OCLC 1122565258.

[Hollander_1997-4] Hollander, Ethan J. (1997). Italian Fascism and the Jews (PDF). San Diego: University of California Press. ISBN 0-8039-4648-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2008.

[5] Montagu, Ashley (1997). Man's Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780803946484.

[6] "INTERNATIONAL: Pax Romanizing - TIME". Time. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2022.

[7] "Thirty centuries of history allow us to look with supreme pity on certain doctrines which are preached beyond the Alps by the descendants of those who were illiterate when Rome had Caesar, Virgil, and Augustus".

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]