Manipulation (psychology)

In psychology, manipulation is defined as an action designed to influence or control another person, usually in an underhanded or unfair manner which facilitates one's personal aims.^[1] Methods someone may use to manipulate another person may include seduction, suggestion, coercion, and blackmail.^[2]^[3]^[4] Manipulation is generally considered a dishonest form of social influence as it is used at the expense of others.^[5]^[6] Barring mental disabilities, humans are inherently capable of manipulative and deceptive behavior, with the main differences being of specific personality characteristics or disorders.^[7]

^ Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). Manipulation. In Cambridge English Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/manipulation
^ Hamilton, J. Devance; Decker, Norman; Rumbaut, Ruben D. (1986). "The Manipulative Patient". American Journal of Psychotherapy. 40 (2): 189–200. doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1986.40.2.189. PMID 3728747. We define manipulation as deliberately influencing or controlling the behavior of others to one's own advantage by using charm, persuasion, seduction, deceit, guilt induction, or coercion.
^ "Manipulation". APA Dictionary of Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. n.d. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
^ Lynam, Donald R.; Vachon, David D. (2012). "Antisocial personality disorder in DSM-5: Missteps and missed opportunities". Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. 3 (4): 483–495. doi:10.1037/per0000006. ISSN 1949-2723. PMID 23106185.
^ Ienca, Marcello (2023). "On Artificial Intelligence and Manipulation". Topoi. 42 (3): 833–842. doi:10.1007/s11245-023-09940-3. In this tradition, manipulation is considered ethically wrong because it involves influencing someone's behavior or beliefs in a non-transparent way that (i) undermines their autonomy, freedom, or dignity, (ii) promotes the personal gain of the manipulator at the expense of the manipulated, and (iii) may result in direct or indirect harm for the manipulated.
^ Brennan D. "Signs of Emotional Manipulation". www.webmd.com. WebMD. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
^
- "That human beings should universally possess a talent for deceiving one another shouldn’t surprise us. Researchers speculate that lying as a behavior arose not long after the emergence of language." -----"Why We Lie: The Science Behind Our Deceptive Ways". National Geographic Society. 18 May 2017.
- Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2013). The H factor of personality: Why some people are manipulative, self-entitled, materialistic, and exploitive—and why it matters for everyone.
- Ekman, P. (2009). Telling lies: Clues to deceit in the marketplace, politics, and marriage (revised edition). WW Norton & Company.
- DePaulo, B. M., Kirkendol, S. E., Tang, J., & O'Brien, T. P. (1988). The motivational impairment effect in the communication of deception: Replications and extensions. Journal of nonverbal Behavior, 12, 177-202.
- Bursten, B. (1972). The manipulative personality. Archives of general psychiatry, 26(4), 318-321.

[1] Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). Manipulation. In Cambridge English Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/manipulation

[2] Hamilton, J. Devance; Decker, Norman; Rumbaut, Ruben D. (1986). "The Manipulative Patient". American Journal of Psychotherapy. 40 (2): 189–200. doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1986.40.2.189. PMID 3728747. We define manipulation as deliberately influencing or controlling the behavior of others to one's own advantage by using charm, persuasion, seduction, deceit, guilt induction, or coercion.

[APA-3] "Manipulation". APA Dictionary of Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. n.d. Retrieved 10 October 2021.

[:0-4] Lynam, Donald R.; Vachon, David D. (2012). "Antisocial personality disorder in DSM-5: Missteps and missed opportunities". Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. 3 (4): 483–495. doi:10.1037/per0000006. ISSN 1949-2723. PMID 23106185.

[5] Ienca, Marcello (2023). "On Artificial Intelligence and Manipulation". Topoi. 42 (3): 833–842. doi:10.1007/s11245-023-09940-3. In this tradition, manipulation is considered ethically wrong because it involves influencing someone's behavior or beliefs in a non-transparent way that (i) undermines their autonomy, freedom, or dignity, (ii) promotes the personal gain of the manipulator at the expense of the manipulated, and (iii) may result in direct or indirect harm for the manipulated.

[WebMD-6] Brennan D. "Signs of Emotional Manipulation". www.webmd.com. WebMD. Retrieved 23 November 2020.

[7] 
"That human beings should universally possess a talent for deceiving one another shouldn’t surprise us. Researchers speculate that lying as a behavior arose not long after the emergence of language." -----"Why We Lie: The Science Behind Our Deceptive Ways". National Geographic Society. 18 May 2017.

Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2013). The H factor of personality: Why some people are manipulative, self-entitled, materialistic, and exploitive—and why it matters for everyone.

Ekman, P. (2009). Telling lies: Clues to deceit in the marketplace, politics, and marriage (revised edition). WW Norton & Company.

DePaulo, B. M., Kirkendol, S. E., Tang, J., & O'Brien, T. P. (1988). The motivational impairment effect in the communication of deception: Replications and extensions. Journal of nonverbal Behavior, 12, 177-202.

Bursten, B. (1972). The manipulative personality. Archives of general psychiatry, 26(4), 318-321.

[8] "That human beings should universally possess a talent for deceiving one another shouldn’t surprise us. Researchers speculate that lying as a behavior arose not long after the emergence of language." -----"Why We Lie: The Science Behind Our Deceptive Ways". National Geographic Society. 18 May 2017.

[9] Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2013). The H factor of personality: Why some people are manipulative, self-entitled, materialistic, and exploitive—and why it matters for everyone.

[10] Ekman, P. (2009). Telling lies: Clues to deceit in the marketplace, politics, and marriage (revised edition). WW Norton & Company.

[11] DePaulo, B. M., Kirkendol, S. E., Tang, J., & O'Brien, T. P. (1988). The motivational impairment effect in the communication of deception: Replications and extensions. Journal of nonverbal Behavior, 12, 177-202.

[12] Bursten, B. (1972). The manipulative personality. Archives of general psychiatry, 26(4), 318-321.

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