Masinissa

Masinissa
Masinissa;
King of Numidia
	Coin of King Massinissa
King of Numidia
Reign	202 BC–148 BC
Predecessor	New establishment
Successor	Micipsa
King of the Massylii
Reign	206 BC–202 BC
Predecessor	Lacumazes
Successor	Himself as King of Numidia
Born	c. 238 BC
Died	148 BC (aged about 90)
Burial	Royal tomb of El Khroub
Spouse	Queen Sophonisba of Numidia
Issue	Micipsa; Gulussa; Mastanabal; ;
Regnal name
Regnal name
Tribe	Massylii
Father	Gaia

Masinissa (Numidian: , Masnsen; c. 238 BC – 148 BC^[3]^{: 180, 183}), also spelled Massinissa,^[4] Massena and Massan,^[5] was an ancient Numidian king best known for leading a federation of Massylii Berber tribes during the Second Punic War (218–201 BC), ultimately uniting them into a kingdom that became a major regional power in North Africa. Much of what is known about Masinissa comes from the Livy's History of Rome, and to a lesser extent Cicero's Scipio's Dream. As the son of a Numidian chieftain allied to Carthage, he fought against the Romans in the Second Punic War, but later switched sides upon concluding that Rome would prevail. With the support of his erstwhile enemy, he united the eastern and western Numidian tribes and founded the Kingdom of Numidia. As a Roman ally, Masinissa took part in the decisive Battle of Zama in 202 BC that effectively ended the war in Carthage's defeat; he also allowed his wife Sophonisba, a famed Carthaginian noblewoman who had influenced Numidian affairs to Carthage's benefit, to poison herself in lieu of being paraded in a triumph in Rome.^[3]^{: 180–181}^{[citation needed]}

After inheriting a larger, more powerful kingdom now backed by Rome, Masinissa played a decisive role in provoking Carthage into triggering the Third Punic War, which ended in the city's complete destruction, and left Numidia the sole power in northwest Africa. He ruled for 54 years until his death at age 90. He was regarded as a staunch ally of Rome, and an unusually vigorous ruler, leading troops until his death and fathering some 44 sons.^[3]^: 181^[6] His tomb in Cirta (modern-day Constantine in Algeria) bears the inscription MSNSN, read Mas'n'sen, or "Their Lord".

The Greek historian Polybius, who wrote extensively about the Punic Wars and is reputed to have met Masinissa, described him as "the best man of all the kings of our time", writing that "his greatest and most divine achievement was this: Numidia had been before his time universally unproductive, and was looked upon as incapable of producing any cultivated fruits. He was the first and only man who showed that it could produce cultivated fruits just as well as any other country". In the following centuries, Numidia would become known as the breadbasket of Rome.

In addition to his legacy as a major figure in the Punic Wars, Masinissa is largely viewed as an icon by the Berbers, many of whom consider him their forefather.^[7]

^ "Tombeau de Massinissa" (in Arabic and French). AlgeriePresseService. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ "Libyan' Inscriptions in Numidia and Mauretania".
^ ^a ^b ^c Law, R.C.C. (1979), "North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305", in Fage, J.D. (ed.), Cambridge History of Africa, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, pp. 148–209, doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521215923.005
^ "MASSINISSA ou MASINISA (-240 env.--149) roi des Numides". Encyclopædia Universalis (in French). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
^ Fowler, Paul; Grocock, Christopher; Melville, James (13 July 2017). OCR Ancient History GCSE Component 2: Rome. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 132. ISBN 9781350015210.
^ Walsh, P.G. (1965). "Massinissa". The Journal of Roman Studies. 55 (1/2): 149–160. doi:10.2307/297437. JSTOR 297437. S2CID 250349824.
^ Can North Africa unite over couscous? Gulf News

[APS-tombe-1] "Tombeau de Massinissa" (in Arabic and French). AlgeriePresseService. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2017.

[2] "Libyan' Inscriptions in Numidia and Mauretania".

[cambridge-3] Law, R.C.C. (1979), "North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305", in Fage, J.D. (ed.), Cambridge History of Africa, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, pp. 148–209, doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521215923.005

[4] "MASSINISSA ou MASINISA (-240 env.--149) roi des Numides". Encyclopædia Universalis (in French). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 1 October 2018.

[5] Fowler, Paul; Grocock, Christopher; Melville, James (13 July 2017). OCR Ancient History GCSE Component 2: Rome. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 132. ISBN 9781350015210.

[6] Walsh, P.G. (1965). "Massinissa". The Journal of Roman Studies. 55 (1/2): 149–160. doi:10.2307/297437. JSTOR 297437. S2CID 250349824.

[7] Can North Africa unite over couscous? Gulf News

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