Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a conceptualisation of the needs (or goals) that motivate human behaviour, which was proposed by the American psychologist Abraham Maslow.^[2]^[3] According to Maslow’s original formulation, there are five sets of basic needs that are related to each other in a hierarchy of prepotency (or strength). Typically, the hierarchy is depicted in the form of a pyramid although Maslow was not himself responsible for the iconic diagram.^[4] The pyramid begins at the bottom with physiological needs (the most prepotent of all) and culminates at the top with self-actualization needs. In his later writings, Maslow added a sixth level of 'meta-needs' and metamotivation.^[5]^[6]

The hierarchy of needs developed by Maslow is one of his most enduring contributions to psychology.^[7] The hierarchy of needs remains a popular framework and tool in higher education,^[8]^[9] business and management training,^[10] sociology research, healthcare,^[11]^[12] counselling^[13] and social work.^[14] Although widely used and researched, the hierarchy of needs has been criticized for its lack of conclusive supporting evidence and its validity remains contested.^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]

^ "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs". Archived from the original on September 7, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
^ Maslow 1943.
^ Maslow 1954.
^ Kaufman 2019.
^ Maslow 1971.
^ Goble 1971.
^ Koltko-Rivera 2006.
^ Steere 1988.
^ Freitas & Leonard 2011.
^ Kremer & Hammond 2013.
^ Dames 2021.
^ Wills & McEwen 2014.
^ Colledge 2002.
^ Poston, Bob (August 2009). "An Exercise in Personal Exploration: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs" (PDF). The Surgical Technologist. 308. Association of Surgical Technologists: 348.
^ Lester, David (August 2013). "Measuring Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs". Psychological Reports. 113 (1): 15–17. doi:10.2466/02.20.pr0.113x16z1. PMID 24340796. S2CID 35870176.
^ Fallatah, Rodwan Hashim Mohammed; Syed, Jawad (November 30, 2017), "A Critical Review of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs", Employee Motivation in Saudi Arabia, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 19–59, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67741-5_2, ISBN 978-3-319-67740-8, retrieved April 30, 2022
^ Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference :4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[abraham-maslow-1] "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs". Archived from the original on September 7, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2011.

[FOOTNOTEMaslow1943-2] Maslow 1943.

[FOOTNOTEMaslow1954-3] Maslow 1954.

[FOOTNOTEKaufman2019-4] Kaufman 2019.

[FOOTNOTEMaslow1971-5] Maslow 1971.

[FOOTNOTEGoble1971-6] Goble 1971.

[FOOTNOTEKoltko-Rivera2006-7] Koltko-Rivera 2006.

[FOOTNOTESteere1988-8] Steere 1988.

[FOOTNOTEFreitasLeonard2011-9] Freitas & Leonard 2011.

[FOOTNOTEKremerHammond2013-10] Kremer & Hammond 2013.

[FOOTNOTEDames2021-11] Dames 2021.

[FOOTNOTEWillsMcEwen2014-12] Wills & McEwen 2014.

[FOOTNOTEColledge2002-13] Colledge 2002.

[:1-14] Poston, Bob (August 2009). "An Exercise in Personal Exploration: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs" (PDF). The Surgical Technologist. 308. Association of Surgical Technologists: 348.

[15] Lester, David (August 2013). "Measuring Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs". Psychological Reports. 113 (1): 15–17. doi:10.2466/02.20.pr0.113x16z1. PMID 24340796. S2CID 35870176.

[16] Fallatah, Rodwan Hashim Mohammed; Syed, Jawad (November 30, 2017), "A Critical Review of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs", Employee Motivation in Saudi Arabia, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 19–59, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67741-5_2, ISBN 978-3-319-67740-8, retrieved April 30, 2022

[:3-17] Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:4-18] Cite error: The named reference :4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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