Matilda of Tuscany

Matilda of Tuscany
Abbot Hugh of Cluny and kneeling Henry IV in supplication to enthroned Matilda of Tuscany [a]
Margravine of Tuscany
Reign	1055–1115
Predecessor	Frederick
Successor	Rabodo
Regent	Beatrice of Bar (1052–1069) Godfrey III (1053–1069)
Co-rule	Godfrey IV (1069–1076) Welf II (1089–1095)
Born	c. 1046 Lucca, Margraviate of Tuscany, or Mantua, Lordship of Mantua
Died	24 July 1115(1115-07-24) (aged 68–69) Bondeno di Roncore, Reggiolo, Margraviate of Tuscany
Burial	Polirone Abbey (until 1633) Castel Sant'Angelo (until 1645) St. Peter's Basilica (since 1645)
Spouse	Godfrey IV ​ ​ (m. 1069; died 1076)​ Welf II, Duke of Bavaria ​ ​ (m. 1089; sep. 1095)​
House	Canossa (Attonids)
Father	Boniface III, Margrave of Tuscany
Mother	Beatrice of Lorraine

Matilda of Tuscany (Italian: Matilde di Toscana; Latin: Matilda or Mathilda; c. 1046 – 24 July 1115), or Matilda of Canossa (Italian: Matilde di Canossa [maˈtilde di kaˈnɔssa]), also referred to as la Gran Contessa ("the Great Countess"), was a member of the House of Canossa (also known as the Attonids) in the second half of the eleventh century. Matilda was one of the most important governing figures of the Italian Middle Ages. She reigned in a period of constant battles, political intrigues, and Roman Catholic excommunications. She was able to demonstrate an innate and skilled strategic leadership capacity in both military and diplomatic matters.^{[unbalanced opinion?][improper synthesis?]}

She ruled as a feudal margravine and, as a relative of the imperial Salian dynasty, she brokered a settlement in the so-called Investiture Controversy. In this extensive conflict with the emerging reform Papacy over the relationship between spiritual (sacerdotium) and secular (regnum) power, Pope Gregory VII dismissed and excommunicated the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV in 1076. At the same time, Matilda came into possession of a substantial territory that included present-day Lombardy, Emilia, Romagna, and Tuscany. She made the Canossa Castle, in the Apennines south of Reggio, the centre of her domains.^[2]

After his famous penitential walk in front of the Canossa (Latin: Canusia) Castle, In January 1077, Henry IV was accepted back into the church community by the Pope. The understanding between the Emperor and the Pope was short-lived, however. In the conflicts with Henry IV that arose a little later, from 1080 Matilda put all her military and material resources into the service of the Papacy. Her court became a refuge for many displaced persons during the turmoil of the investiture dispute and enjoyed a cultural boom. Even after the death of Pope Gregory VII in 1085, Matilda remained an important pillar of the Reform Church. Between 1081 and 1098, the Canossa rule fell into a major crisis due to the grueling disputes with Henry IV. The historical record is sparse for this time. A turning point resulted from Matilda forming a coalition with the southern German dukes, who were in opposition to Henry IV.

In 1097, Henry IV retreated past the Alps to the northern portion of the Holy Roman Empire and a power vacuum developed in Italy. The struggle between regnum and sacerdotium changed the social and rulership structure of the Italian cities permanently, giving them space for emancipation from foreign rule and their own communal development. From autumn 1098, Matilda was able to regain many of her lost domains. Until the end she tried to bring the cities under her control. After 1098, she increasingly used the opportunities offered to her to consolidate her rule again. Since she was childless, in her final years Matilda developed her legacy by focusing her donation activity on the Polirone Abbey.

The account of Donizo reports that between 6 and 11 May 1111, Matilda was crowned Imperial Vicar and Vice-Queen of Italy by Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor at the Castle of Bianello (Quattro Castella, Reggio Emilia). With her death, the House of Canossa became extinct in 1115. Well into the thirteenth century, popes and emperors fought over what was called the "Matildine domains" as their rich inheritance.

The rule of Matilda and her influence became identified as a cultural epoch in Italy that found expression in the flowering of numerous artistic, musical, and literary designs as well as miracle stories and legends. Her legacy reached its apogee during the Counter-Reformation and the Baroque Period. Pope Urban VIII had Matilda's body transferred to Rome in 1630, where she was the first woman to be buried in Saint Peter's Basilica.

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