Menelik II's conquests

Menelik's conquests
	; The cover of French magazine Le Petit Journal, depicting attacks on Harar
Date	1878–1904
Location	Present-day Ethiopia
Result	Shewan-Ethiopian victory
Belligerents
Ethiopian Empire; ∟ Shewa; Armed by: France; United Kingdom;	Emirate of Harar; Hadiya; Kingdom of Kaffa; Arsi Oromos; Kingdom of Wolaita; Dervishes; and others...;
Commanders and leaders
Menelik II; Ras Gobana Dacche; Habte Giyorgis Dinagde; Darge Sahle Selassie; Tessema Nadew; Welde Giyorgis Aboye; Ras Makonnen	Amir Abdullahi II; Gaki Sherocho; Kawo Tona Gaga; Hassan Enjamo; Mohammed Hassan and others...
Casualties and losses
	est. 6 million deaths

Menelik's conquests, also known as the Agar Maqnat (Amharic: አገር ማቅናት, romanized: ʾägär maqnat, lit. 'Colonization, Cultivation and Christianization of Land'),^[4] were a series of expansionist wars and conquests carried out by Emperor Menelik II of Shewa to expand the Ethiopian Empire.^[5]

In 1866 Menelik II became the king of Shewa, and in 1878 began a series of wars to conquer land for the Ethiopian Empire and to increase Shewan supremacy within Ethiopia.^[6] This was carried out predominantly with soldiers from the Amhara people of Shewa.^[7] Menelik is viewed as the founder of modern Ethiopia as a result of the expansion,^[8]^[9] although it is viewed by many historians as constituting genocide.^[10]^[11]

^ Penrose, Ernest (12 November 2012). European Imperialism and the Partition of Africa. Taylor & Francis. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-136-27676-7.
^ Sheik-Abdi, Abdi (1977). "Somali Nationalism: Its Origins and Future". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 15 (4): 657–665. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00002299. ISSN 1469-7777.
^ Eshete Gemeda, African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective, p. 186
^ Tibebu, Teshale (1995). The Making of Modern Ethiopia 1896–1974. Red Sea Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-56902-001-2.
^ Bereketeab, Redie (28 March 2023). Historical Sociology of State Formation in the Horn of Africa. Springer International Publishing. p. 93. ISBN 9783031241628.
^ The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974. The Red Sea Press. 1995. ISBN 9781569020012.
^ Lewis 1983, pp. 15–16.
^ Selassie, Tsehai Brhane (1975). "The question of Damot and Wälamo". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 13 (1): 37–46. JSTOR 41965880.
^ Richard Pankhurst The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books", 1997. p. 284.
^ Bearak, Max. "'A place of ghosts:' Ethiopia opens controversial palace to a divided public". The Washington Post.
^ Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review

[1] Penrose, Ernest (12 November 2012). European Imperialism and the Partition of Africa. Taylor & Francis. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-136-27676-7.

[2] Sheik-Abdi, Abdi (1977). "Somali Nationalism: Its Origins and Future". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 15 (4): 657–665. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00002299. ISSN 1469-7777.

[ReferenceZ-3] Eshete Gemeda, African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective, p. 186

[4] Tibebu, Teshale (1995). The Making of Modern Ethiopia 1896–1974. Red Sea Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-56902-001-2.

[5] Bereketeab, Redie (28 March 2023). Historical Sociology of State Formation in the Horn of Africa. Springer International Publishing. p. 93. ISBN 9783031241628.

[6] The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974. The Red Sea Press. 1995. ISBN 9781569020012.

[FOOTNOTELewis198315–16-7] Lewis 1983, pp. 15–16.

[8] Selassie, Tsehai Brhane (1975). "The question of Damot and Wälamo". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 13 (1): 37–46. JSTOR 41965880.

[D3-2-9] Richard Pankhurst The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books", 1997. p. 284.

[bearak-10] Bearak, Max. "'A place of ghosts:' Ethiopia opens controversial palace to a divided public". The Washington Post.

[mekuria-11] Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review

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