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Metamaterial

Negative-index metamaterial array configuration, which was constructed of copper split-ring resonators and wires mounted on interlocking sheets of fiberglass circuit board. The total array consists of 3×20×20 unit cells with overall dimensions of 10 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm (0.39 in × 3.94 in × 3.94 in).[1][2]

A metamaterial (from the Greek word μετά meta, meaning "beyond" or "after", and the Latin word materia, meaning "matter" or "material") is a type of material engineered to have a property, typically rarely observed in naturally occurring materials, that is derived not from the properties of the base materials but from their newly designed structures. Metamaterials are usually fashioned from multiple materials, such as metals and plastics, and are usually arranged in repeating patterns, at scales that are smaller than the wavelengths of the phenomena they influence. Their precise shape, geometry, size, orientation, and arrangement give them their "smart" properties of manipulating electromagnetic, acoustic, or even seismic waves: by blocking, absorbing, enhancing, or bending waves, to achieve benefits that go beyond what is possible with conventional materials.

Appropriately designed metamaterials can affect waves of electromagnetic radiation or sound in a manner not observed in bulk materials.[3][4][5] Those that exhibit a negative index of refraction for particular wavelengths have been the focus of a large amount of research.[6][7][8] These materials are known as negative-index metamaterials.

Potential applications of metamaterials are diverse and include sports equipment,[9][10] optical filters, medical devices, remote aerospace applications, sensor detection and infrastructure monitoring, smart solar power management, lasers,[11] crowd control, radomes, high-frequency battlefield communication and lenses for high-gain antennas, improving ultrasonic sensors, and even shielding structures from earthquakes.[12][13][14][15] Metamaterials offer the potential to create super-lenses.[16] Such a lens can allow imaging below the diffraction limit that is the minimum resolution d=λ/(2NA) that can be achieved by conventional lenses having a numerical aperture NA and with illumination wavelength λ. Sub-wavelength optical metamaterials, when integrated with optical recording media, can be used to achieve optical data density higher than limited by diffraction.[17] A form of 'invisibility' was demonstrated using gradient-index materials. Acoustic and seismic metamaterials are also research areas.[12][18]

Metamaterial research is interdisciplinary and involves such fields as electrical engineering, electromagnetics, classical optics, solid state physics, microwave and antenna engineering, optoelectronics, material sciences, nanoscience and semiconductor engineering.[4] Recent developments also show promise for metamaterials in optical computing, with metamaterial-based systems theoretically being able to perform certain tasks more efficiently than conventional computing.[19]

  1. ^ Shelby, R. A.; Smith D.R.; Shultz S.; Nemat-Nasser S.C. (2001). "Microwave transmission through a two-dimensional, isotropic, left-handed metamaterial" (PDF). Applied Physics Letters. 78 (4): 489. Bibcode:2001ApPhL..78..489S. doi:10.1063/1.1343489. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 18, 2010.
  2. ^ Smith, D. R.; Padilla, WJ; Vier, DC; Nemat-Nasser, SC; Schultz, S (2000). "Composite Medium with Simultaneously Negative Permeability and Permittivity". Physical Review Letters. 84 (18): 4184–87. Bibcode:2000PhRvL..84.4184S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.4184. PMID 10990641.
  3. ^ Engheta, Nader; Richard W. Ziolkowski (June 2006). Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations. Wiley & Sons. pp. xv, 3–30, 37, 143–50, 215–34, 240–56. ISBN 978-0-471-76102-0.
  4. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference metamaterialplasmonics1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Smith, David R. (2006-06-10). "What are Electromagnetic Metamaterials?". Novel Electromagnetic Materials. The research group of D.R. Smith. Archived from the original on July 20, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
  6. ^ Shelby, R. A.; Smith, D. R.; Schultz, S. (2001). "Experimental Verification of a Negative Index of Refraction". Science. 292 (5514): 77–79. Bibcode:2001Sci...292...77S. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.119.1617. doi:10.1126/science.1058847. PMID 11292865. S2CID 9321456.
  7. ^ Pendry, John B. (2004). Negative Refraction (PDF). Vol. 45. Princeton University Press. pp. 191–202. Bibcode:2004ConPh..45..191P. doi:10.1080/00107510410001667434. ISBN 978-0-691-12347-9. S2CID 218544892. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2009-08-26. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Veselago, V. G. (1968). "The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of ε and μ". Physics-Uspekhi. 10 (4): 509–514. Bibcode:1968SvPhU..10..509V. doi:10.1070/PU1968v010n04ABEH003699.
  9. ^ Duncan, Olly; Shepherd, Todd; Moroney, Charlotte; Foster, Leon; Venkatraman, Praburaj D.; Winwood, Keith; Allen, Tom; Alderson, Andrew (6 June 2018). "Review of Auxetic Materials for Sports Applications: Expanding Options in Comfort and Protection". Applied Sciences. 8 (6): 941. doi:10.3390/app8060941.
  10. ^ Haid, Daniel; Foster, Leon; Hart, John; Greenwald, Richard; Allen, Tom; Sareh, Pooya; Duncan, Olly (1 November 2023). "Mechanical metamaterials for sports helmets: structural mechanics, design optimisation, and performance". Smart Materials and Structures. 32 (11): 113001. doi:10.1088/1361-665X/acfddf.
  11. ^ Awad, Ehab (October 2021). "A novel metamaterial gain-waveguide nanolaser". Optics & Laser Technology. 142: 107202. Bibcode:2021OptLT.14207202A. doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.107202.
  12. ^ a b Brun, M.; S. Guenneau; and A.B. Movchan (2009-02-09). "Achieving control of in-plane elastic waves". Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 (61903): 061903. arXiv:0812.0912. Bibcode:2009ApPhL..94f1903B. doi:10.1063/1.3068491. S2CID 17568906.
  13. ^ Rainsford, Tamath J.; D. Abbott; Abbott, Derek (9 March 2005). Al-Sarawi, Said F (ed.). "T-ray sensing applications: review of global developments". Proc. SPIE. Smart Structures, Devices, and Systems II. 5649 Smart Structures, Devices, and Systems II (Poster session): 826–38. Bibcode:2005SPIE.5649..826R. doi:10.1117/12.607746. S2CID 14374107.
  14. ^ Cotton, Micheal G. (December 2003). "Applied Electromagnetics" (PDF). 2003 Technical Progress Report (NITA – ITS). Telecommunications Theory (3): 4–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-16. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference radiation-properties was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Guerra, John M. (1995-06-26). "Super-resolution through illumination by diffraction-born evanescent waves". Applied Physics Letters. 66 (26): 3555–3557. Bibcode:1995ApPhL..66.3555G. doi:10.1063/1.113814. ISSN 0003-6951.
  17. ^ Guerra, John; Vezenov, Dmitri; Sullivan, Paul; Haimberger, Walter; Thulin, Lukas (2002-03-30). "Near-Field Optical Recording without Low-Flying Heads: Integral Near-Field Optical (INFO) Media". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 41 (Part 1, No. 3B): 1866–1875. Bibcode:2002JaJAP..41.1866G. doi:10.1143/jjap.41.1866. ISSN 0021-4922. S2CID 119544019.
  18. ^ Guenneau, S. B.; Movchan, A.; Pétursson, G.; Anantha Ramakrishna, S. (2007). "Acoustic metamaterials for sound focusing and confinement". New Journal of Physics. 9 (11): 399. Bibcode:2007NJPh....9..399G. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/9/11/399.
  19. ^ Rini, Matteo (2024-03-29). "Metamaterials for Analog Optical Computing". Physics. 17: 52.

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