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Metaxism (Greek: Μεταξισμός) is a Greek authoritarian, ultra-nationalist, and monarchist ideology associated with Ioannis Metaxas.[1][page needed] It called for the regeneration of the Greek nation and the establishment of a modern, culturally homogenous Greece.[2] Metaxism disparaged liberalism, and held individual interests to be subordinate to those of the nation, seeking to mobilize the Greek people as a disciplined mass in service to the creation of a "new Greece."[2]
Metaxas declared that his 4th of August Regime (1936–1941) represented a "Third Greek Civilization" which was committed to the creation of a culturally purified Greek nation based upon the militarist societies of ancient Macedonia and Sparta, which he held to constitute the "First Greek Civilization"; and the Orthodox Christian ethic of the Byzantine Empire, which he considered to represent the "Second Greek Civilization."[2] The Metaxas regime asserted that true Greeks were ethnically Greek and Orthodox Christian, intending to deliberately exclude Albanians, Slavs, and Turks residing in Greece from Greek citizenship.[2]
Although the Metaxas government and its official doctrines are sometimes described as fascist, such historians as Stanley G. Payne consider it to have been a conventional authoritarian-conservative dictatorship akin to Francisco Franco's Spain or António de Oliveira Salazar's Portugal; such historians as Kofas maintain that the regime had a powerful quasi-fascist element,[1][page needed][3][page needed] some contemporary historians characterize it as totalitarian (as Metaxas himself did) or even fascist.[4][page needed][5][6][page needed] The Metaxist government derived its authority from the conservative establishment and its doctrines strongly supported traditional institutions such as the Greek Orthodox Church and the Greek Monarchy; essentially reactionary, it lacked the radical theoretical dimensions of ideologies such as Italian fascism and National Socialism.[1][page needed][3][page needed] The regime also lacked antisemitism, which it regarded as "distasteful".[7]
The ideology of Metaxism was associated with Metaxas' political party, the Freethinkers' Party and the 4th of August Regime.[8] In the post-war period it has been advocated by the 4th of August Party, the Golden Dawn party and the ELAM party.
- ^ a b c Payne 1995.
- ^ a b c d Sørensen & Mallett 2002, p. 159.
- ^ a b Lee 2000.
- ^ Roberts, David D. (May 2016). Fascist Interactions: Proposals for a New Approach to Fascism and Its Era, 1919-1945. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-78533-130-5.
- ^ Kallis, Aristotle A. (June 2007). "Fascism and Religion: The Metaxas Regime in Greece and the 'Third Hellenic Civilisation'. Some Theoretical Observations on 'Fascism', 'Political Religion' and 'Clerical Fascism'" (PDF). Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 8 (2): 229–246.
- ^ Cliadakis, Harry (2014). Fascism in Greece: The Metaxas Dictatorship 1936-1941. Verlag Franz Philipp Rutzen. ISBN 978-3-447-10188-2.
- ^ Fleming, K. E. (2010). Greece – a Jewish History. Princeton University Press. p. 101. doi:10.1515/9781400834013. ISBN 978-1-4008-3401-3.
- ^ Peter Davies, Derek Lynch. The Routledge companion to fascism and the far right. London; New York: Routledge, 2002. pp. 276. ISBN 9781134609529.
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