Methanogen

Methanogens are anaerobic archaea that produce methane as a byproduct of their energy metabolism, i.e., catabolism. Methane production, or methanogenesis, is the only biochemical pathway for ATP generation in methanogens. All known methanogens belong exclusively to the domain Archaea, although some bacteria, plants, and animal cells are also known to produce methane.^[1] However, the biochemical pathway for methane production in these organisms differs from that in methanogens and does not contribute to ATP formation. Methanogens belong to various phyla within the domain Archaea. Previous studies placed all known methanogens into the superphylum Euryarchaeota.^[2]^[3] However, recent phylogenomic data have led to their reclassification into several different phyla.^[4] Methanogens are common in various anoxic environments, such as marine and freshwater sediments, wetlands, the digestive tracts of animals, wastewater treatment plants, rice paddy soil, and landfills.^[5] While some methanogens are extremophiles, such as Methanopyrus kandleri, which grows between 84 and 110°C,^[6] or Methanonatronarchaeum thermophilum, which grows at a pH range of 8.2 to 10.2 and a Na+ concentration of 3 to 4.8 M,^[7] most of the isolates are mesophilic and grow around neutral pH.^[8]

^ Ernst, Leonard; Steinfeld, Benedikt; Barayeu, Uladzimir; Klintzsch, Thomas; Kurth, Markus; Grimm, Dirk; Dick, Tobias P.; Rebelein, Johannes G.; Bischofs, Ilka B.; Keppler, Frank (2022-03-17). "Methane formation driven by reactive oxygen species across all living organisms". Nature. 603 (7901): 482–487. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04511-9. ISSN 0028-0836.
^ Liu, Yuchen; Whitman, William B. (March 2008). "Metabolic, Phylogenetic, and Ecological Diversity of the Methanogenic Archaea". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1125 (1): 171–189. doi:10.1196/annals.1419.019. ISSN 0077-8923.
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[1] Ernst, Leonard; Steinfeld, Benedikt; Barayeu, Uladzimir; Klintzsch, Thomas; Kurth, Markus; Grimm, Dirk; Dick, Tobias P.; Rebelein, Johannes G.; Bischofs, Ilka B.; Keppler, Frank (2022-03-17). "Methane formation driven by reactive oxygen species across all living organisms". Nature. 603 (7901): 482–487. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04511-9. ISSN 0028-0836.

[2] Liu, Yuchen; Whitman, William B. (March 2008). "Metabolic, Phylogenetic, and Ecological Diversity of the Methanogenic Archaea". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1125 (1): 171–189. doi:10.1196/annals.1419.019. ISSN 0077-8923.

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