Mixed mating systems

A mixed mating system (in plants), also known as “variable inbreeding” a characteristic of many hermaphroditic seed plants, where more than one means of mating is used.^[1] Mixed mating usually refers to the production of a mixture of self-fertilized (selfed) and outbred (outcrossed) seeds. Plant mating systems influence the distribution of genetic variation within and among populations, by affecting the propensity of individuals to self-fertilize or cross-fertilize (or reproduce asexually). Mixed mating systems are generally characterized by the frequency of selfing vs. outcrossing, but may include the production of asexual seeds through agamospermy.^[2] The trade offs for each strategy depend on ecological conditions, pollinator abundance and herbivory^[3] and parasite load.^[4] Mating systems are not permanent within species; they can vary with environmental factors, and through domestication when plants are bred for commercial agriculture.^[5]

^ Goodwillie, Carol; Kalisz, Susan; Eckert, Christopher G. (2005). "The Evolutionary Enigma of Mixed Mating Systems in Plants: Occurrence, Theoretical Explanations, and Empirical Evidence". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 36 (1): 47–79. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.091704.175539. ISSN 1543-592X.
^ Richards, A. J. (1997), "Self-fertilization and inbreeding", Plant Breeding Systems, Springer US, pp. 357–395, doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-3043-9_9, ISBN 978-0-412-57440-5
^ Campbell, Stuart A. (2015). "Ecological mechanisms for the coevolution of mating systems and defence". New Phytologist. 205 (3): 1047–1053. doi:10.1111/nph.13212. PMID 25729803.
^ Hanley, Kathryn A. (1997). "Infection, polymorphism and evolution". Parasitology Today. 13 (7): 278. doi:10.1016/s0169-4758(97)87206-7. ISSN 0169-4758.
^ Velázquez-López, Rebeca; Wegier, Ana; Alavez, Valeria; Pérez-López, Javier; Vázquez-Barrios, Valeria; Arroyo-Lambaer, Denise; Ponce-Mendoza, Alejandro; Kunin, William E. (2018-05-09). "The Mating System of the Wild-to-Domesticated Complex of Gossypium hirsutum L. Is Mixed". Frontiers in Plant Science. 9: 574. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00574. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 5954804. PMID 29868048.

[1] Goodwillie, Carol; Kalisz, Susan; Eckert, Christopher G. (2005). "The Evolutionary Enigma of Mixed Mating Systems in Plants: Occurrence, Theoretical Explanations, and Empirical Evidence". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 36 (1): 47–79. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.091704.175539. ISSN 1543-592X.

[2] Richards, A. J. (1997), "Self-fertilization and inbreeding", Plant Breeding Systems, Springer US, pp. 357–395, doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-3043-9_9, ISBN 978-0-412-57440-5

[3] Campbell, Stuart A. (2015). "Ecological mechanisms for the coevolution of mating systems and defence". New Phytologist. 205 (3): 1047–1053. doi:10.1111/nph.13212. PMID 25729803.

[4] Hanley, Kathryn A. (1997). "Infection, polymorphism and evolution". Parasitology Today. 13 (7): 278. doi:10.1016/s0169-4758(97)87206-7. ISSN 0169-4758.

[:1-5] Velázquez-López, Rebeca; Wegier, Ana; Alavez, Valeria; Pérez-López, Javier; Vázquez-Barrios, Valeria; Arroyo-Lambaer, Denise; Ponce-Mendoza, Alejandro; Kunin, William E. (2018-05-09). "The Mating System of the Wild-to-Domesticated Complex of Gossypium hirsutum L. Is Mixed". Frontiers in Plant Science. 9: 574. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00574. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 5954804. PMID 29868048.

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