Back Mólniya 8K78 AST Мълния (ракета) Bulgarian Molnija (nosná raketa) Czech Molnija (Rakete) German Mólniya 8K78 Spanish مولنیا (موشک) Persian Molnija (raketti) Finnish Molnia (lanceur) French Molniya (foguete) Galician מולניה HE
&sq=Fifth column Russia&lang=en&file=File:Molniya_launch_vehicle_-_panoramio.jpg) Molniya-M carrier rocket | |
| Function | Medium launch vehicle |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer | Energia |
| Country of origin | Soviet Union |
| Size | |
| Height | 43.44 m |
| Diameter | 10.3 m |
| Mass | 305,000 kg |
| Stages | 4 |
| Associated rockets | |
| Family | R-7 |
| Launch history | |
| Status | Retired |
| Launch sites | Baikonur, Plesetsk |
| Total launches | 40 |
| Success(es) | 20 |
| Failure(s) | 9 |
| Partial failure(s) | 11 |
The Molniya (Russian: Молния, meaning "lightning"), GRAU Index 8K78, was a modification of the well-known R-7 Semyorka rocket and had four stages.[1][2] The rocket was given the name Molniya due to the large number of Molniya communication satellites the rockets launched.[3]
- ^ Harvey, Brian (5 July 2007). Russian Planetary Exploration: History, Development, Legacy and Prospects. Springer. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-387-46343-8.
- ^ "Molniya (8K78)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ Reichl, Eugen (2019). The Soviet Space Program - The Lunar Mission Years: 1959 to 1976. Schiffer Publishing Ltd. p. 32. ASIN 0764356755.
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