Multidrug-resistant bacteria

Multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR bacteria) are bacteria that are resistant to three or more classes of antimicrobial drugs.^[1] MDR bacteria have seen an increase in prevalence in recent years^{[clarification needed]}^[2] and pose serious risks to public health. MDR bacteria can be broken into 3 main categories: Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and other (acid-stain). These bacteria employ various adaptations to avoid or mitigate the damage done by antimicrobials. With increased access to modern medicine there has been a sharp increase in the amount of antibiotics consumed.^[3] Given the abundant use of antibiotics there has been a considerable increase in the evolution of antimicrobial resistance factors, now outpacing the development of new antibiotics.^[4]

^ Magiorakos, A.-P.; Srinivasan, A.; Carey, R.B.; Carmeli, Y.; Falagas, M.E.; Giske, C.G.; Harbarth, S.; Hindler, J.F.; Kahlmeter, G.; Olsson-Liljequist, B.; Paterson, D.L. (March 2012). "Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 18 (3): 268–281. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x. PMID 21793988.
^ Bae, Songmee; Lee, Jaehoon; Lee, Jaehwa; Kim, Eunah; Lee, Sunhwa; Yu, Jaeyon; Kang, Yeonho (January 2010). "Antimicrobial Resistance in Haemophilus influenzae Respiratory Tract Isolates in Korea: Results of a Nationwide Acute Respiratory Infections Surveillance". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 54 (1): 65–71. doi:10.1128/AAC.00966-09. ISSN 0066-4804. PMC 2798543. PMID 19884366.
^ Sample, Ian (2018-03-26). "Calls to rein in antibiotic use after study shows 65% increase worldwide". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
^ Ventola, C. Lee (April 2015). "The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats". P & T: A Peer-Reviewed Journal for Formulary Management. 40 (4): 277–283. ISSN 1052-1372. PMC 4378521. PMID 25859123.

[1] Magiorakos, A.-P.; Srinivasan, A.; Carey, R.B.; Carmeli, Y.; Falagas, M.E.; Giske, C.G.; Harbarth, S.; Hindler, J.F.; Kahlmeter, G.; Olsson-Liljequist, B.; Paterson, D.L. (March 2012). "Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 18 (3): 268–281. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x. PMID 21793988.

[2] Bae, Songmee; Lee, Jaehoon; Lee, Jaehwa; Kim, Eunah; Lee, Sunhwa; Yu, Jaeyon; Kang, Yeonho (January 2010). "Antimicrobial Resistance in Haemophilus influenzae Respiratory Tract Isolates in Korea: Results of a Nationwide Acute Respiratory Infections Surveillance". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 54 (1): 65–71. doi:10.1128/AAC.00966-09. ISSN 0066-4804. PMC 2798543. PMID 19884366.

[3] Sample, Ian (2018-03-26). "Calls to rein in antibiotic use after study shows 65% increase worldwide". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-11-09.

[4] Ventola, C. Lee (April 2015). "The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats". P & T: A Peer-Reviewed Journal for Formulary Management. 40 (4): 277–283. ISSN 1052-1372. PMC 4378521. PMID 25859123.

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