Back الإخوان المسلمون في مصر Arabic الاخوان المسلمين فى مصر ARZ Μουσουλμανική Αδελφότητα στην Αίγυπτο Greek อิควานัลมุสลิมีนในประเทศอียิปต์ Thai
Muslim Brotherhood | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Leader | Mohammed Badie |
| Spokesperson | Gehad El-Haddad |
| Founded | 22 March 1928 Ismailia, Kingdom of Egypt |
| Headquarters | Cairo, Egypt |
| Ideology | Sunni Islamism Social conservatism Religious conservatism Mixed economy |
| Political position | Right-wing |
| International affiliation | Muslim Brotherhood |
| Party flag | |
 | |
| Website | |
| www.ikhwanonline.com www.ikhwanweb.com | |
In Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood (Arabic: جماعة الاخوان المسلمين jamāʿat al-ʾiḫwān/al-ikhwan/el-ekhwan al-muslimīn, IPA: [elʔexˈwæːn]) is a Sunni Islamist religious, political, and social movement,[1][2][3] with adherents estimated to number between 2 and 2.5 million.[2][4] Founded by Hassan al-Banna in 1928, the group spread to other Muslim countries but has its largest organization in Egypt, despite government crackdowns in 1948, 1954, 1965 and 2013, after plots, or alleged plots, of assassination and overthrow were uncovered.[5][6][7]
Following the 2011 Egyptian revolution, it launched a political party—the Freedom and Justice Party—to contest elections, which it described as having "the same mission and goals, but different roles" than the Brotherhood,[8] and agreeing to honor all Egypt's international agreements.[9] The party won 42% of the seats in the 2011–12 parliamentary elections, and its candidate, Mohamed Morsi, the June 2012 presidential election.[10] Morsi was overthrown after mass protests within a year,[11] and a crackdown ensued that some have called more damaging to the movement than any "in eight decades".[12] Hundreds of members were killed and imprisoned, including Morsi and most of the Brotherhood's leadership. Among the general Egyptian population, a "huge hostility" was felt towards the MB.[13] In September 2013, an Egyptian court banned the Brotherhood and its associations,[14] and ordered that its assets be seized;[15] and in December the military-backed interim government declared the movement a terrorist group following the bombing of security directorate building in Mansoura.[16] The Brotherhood denied being responsible for the attack and Ansar Bait al-Maqdis, an al-Qaeda-linked group, claimed responsibility.[16] They also issued a statement condemning violence.[17]
- ^ *Mura, Andrea (2012). "A genealogical inquiry into early Islamism: the discourse of Hasan al-Banna". Journal of Political Ideologies. 17 (1): 61–85. doi:10.1080/13569317.2012.644986. S2CID 144873457.
- ^ a b Eric Trager, "The Unbreakable Muslim Brotherhood Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine", Foreign Affairs, September October 2011, p. 114–222. (full text not available for free on internet)
- ^ Hans Dembowski interviewed Yasser Alwan (January 2013). "Jobs are very hard to find". D+C Development and Cooperation. Archived from the original on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
- ^ Atran, Scott (2 February 2011). "In Egypt today, the Brotherhood counts perhaps some 2 million adherents" "Egypt's Bumbling Brotherhood" Archived 4 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times
- ^ "'Shariah in Egypt is enough for us,' Muslim Brotherhood leader says" Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Hürriyet Daily News, 23 May 2011
- ^ Bradley, John R. (2008). Inside Egypt: The Land of the Pharaohs on the Brink of a Revolution. Palgrave MacMillan. p. 49.
- ^ Egypt Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine global security.org
- ^ Ian Black, Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood poised to prosper in post-Mubarak new era Archived 23 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, 19 May 2011
- ^ Eldar, Akiva (6 December 2011). "Abbas should change his locks before next wave of Palestinian prisoners freed". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
- ^ Black, Ian (24 June 2012). "Mohamed Morsi victory is a landmark for Egypt—but a qualified one". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 September 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
- ^ Hendawi, Hamza; Michael, Maggie (2 July 2013). "Outlines of Egypt army's post-Morsi plan emerge". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, David; Mayy El Sheikh (20 August 2013). "An Egypt Arrest, and a Brotherhood on the Run". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- ^ Ronel, Asaf (28 June 2014). "How the West got the Middle East all wrong". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
In Egypt itself, the Brothers are crushed. Their leaders are imprisoned or in exile, and there is huge hostility toward them among the people.
- ^ "Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood is banned, and crackdown could broaden". The Washington Post. 24 September 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
- ^ "Egyptian Court Shuts Down the Muslim Brotherhood and Seizes Its Assets". The New York Times. 24 September 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
- ^ a b "Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood declared 'terrorist group'". BBC News. 25 December 2013. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
- ^ "Brotherhood releases lengthy statement condemning violence". Ahram Online. 8 April 2014. Archived from the original on 12 April 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
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