Narcissistic personality disorder

Narcissistic personality disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder
	Narcissus (1597–99) by Caravaggio; the man in love with his own reflection
Specialty	Psychiatry, clinical psychology
Symptoms	Exaggerated feelings of self-importance, excessive craving for admiration, reduced levels of empathy
Usual onset	Early adulthood
Duration	Long term
Causes	A combination of genetic and environmental factors, including trauma, neglect, and rejection in childhood.
Diagnostic method	Based on symptoms
Differential diagnosis	Bipolar disorder, mania and hypomania, antisocial personality disorder, substance abuse, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, grandiose delusions.
Treatment	Psychotherapy, pharmaceuticals for comorbid disorders
Frequency	6.2%citations

Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is a personality disorder characterized by a life-long pattern of exaggerated feelings of self-importance, an excessive need for admiration, and a diminished ability to empathize with other people's feelings. Narcissistic personality disorder is one of the sub-types of the broader category known as personality disorders.^[1]^[2] It is often comorbid with other mental disorders and associated with significant functional impairment and psychosocial disability.^[1]

Personality disorders are a class of mental disorders characterized by enduring and inflexible maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating from those accepted by any culture. These patterns develop by early adulthood, and are associated with significant distress or impairment.^[4]^[5]^[6] Criteria for diagnosing personality disorders are listed in the sixth chapter of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).

There is no standard treatment for NPD.^[7]^[8] Its high comorbidity with other mental disorders influences treatment choice and outcomes.^[7] Psychotherapeutic treatments generally fall into two categories: psychoanalytic/psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral therapy, with growing support for integration of both in therapy.^[9]^[10] However, there is an almost complete lack of studies determining the effectiveness of treatments.^[8] One's subjective experience of the mental disorder, as well as their agreement to and level of engagement with treatment, are highly dependent on their motivation to change.^[11]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Cite error: The named reference Caligor_2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. pp. 72–669. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1. OCLC 830807378.
^ Mitra P, Fluyau D (2023), "Narcissistic Personality Disorder", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32310461, retrieved 27 December 2023
^ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.). Arlington, Virginia: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. pp. 646–49. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
^ Berrios GE (1993). "European views on personality disorders: a conceptual history". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 34 (1). W.B. Saunders Ltd: 14–30. doi:10.1016/0010-440X(93)90031-X. PMID 8425387.
^ Millon T, Davis RD (1996). Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV and Beyond. New York City: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-471-01186-6.
^ ^a ^b Mitra P, Fluyau D (2022). "Narcissistic Personality Disorder". StatPearls. Treasure Island, Florida: StatPearls Publishing. PMID 32310461. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
^ ^a ^b King RM, Grenyer BF, Gurtman CG, Younan R (1 March 2020). "A clinician's quick guide to evidence-based approaches: Narcissistic personality disorder". Clinical Psychologist. 24 (1). Melbourne, Australia: Australian Psychological Society: 91–95. doi:10.1111/cp.12214. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30136767. ISSN 1328-4207. S2CID 216198008.
^ Yakeley J (5 July 2018). "Current understanding of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder". BJPsych Advances. 24 (5): 305–315. doi:10.1192/bja.2018.20. ISSN 2056-4678. S2CID 148566892.
^ Weinberg I, Ronningstam E (March 2020). "Dos and Don'ts in Treatments of Patients With Narcissistic Personality Disorder". Journal of Personality Disorders. 34 (Suppl). Guilford Press: 122–142. doi:10.1521/pedi.2020.34.supp.122. PMID 32186986. S2CID 214583609.
^ Personality Disorders and Pathology: Integrating Clinical Assessment and Practice in the DSM-5 and ICD-11 Era. American Psychological Association. 2022. ISBN 978-1-4338-3576-6. JSTOR j.ctv2h43b0f.

[Caligor_2015-1] Cite error: The named reference Caligor_2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[DSM5-2] Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. pp. 72–669. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1. OCLC 830807378.

[3] Mitra P, Fluyau D (2023), "Narcissistic Personality Disorder", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32310461, retrieved 27 December 2023

[DSM-5-general_personality_disorder-4] Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.). Arlington, Virginia: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. pp. 646–49. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.

[5] Berrios GE (1993). "European views on personality disorders: a conceptual history". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 34 (1). W.B. Saunders Ltd: 14–30. doi:10.1016/0010-440X(93)90031-X. PMID 8425387.

[Millon1-6] Millon T, Davis RD (1996). Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV and Beyond. New York City: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-471-01186-6.

[Mitra_2022-7] Mitra P, Fluyau D (2022). "Narcissistic Personality Disorder". StatPearls. Treasure Island, Florida: StatPearls Publishing. PMID 32310461. Retrieved 1 May 2022.

[King_2020-8] King RM, Grenyer BF, Gurtman CG, Younan R (1 March 2020). "A clinician's quick guide to evidence-based approaches: Narcissistic personality disorder". Clinical Psychologist. 24 (1). Melbourne, Australia: Australian Psychological Society: 91–95. doi:10.1111/cp.12214. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30136767. ISSN 1328-4207. S2CID 216198008.

[Yakeley_2018-9] Yakeley J (5 July 2018). "Current understanding of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder". BJPsych Advances. 24 (5): 305–315. doi:10.1192/bja.2018.20. ISSN 2056-4678. S2CID 148566892.

[:Ronningstam_2016-10] Weinberg I, Ronningstam E (March 2020). "Dos and Don'ts in Treatments of Patients With Narcissistic Personality Disorder". Journal of Personality Disorders. 34 (Suppl). Guilford Press: 122–142. doi:10.1521/pedi.2020.34.supp.122. PMID 32186986. S2CID 214583609.

[11] Personality Disorders and Pathology: Integrating Clinical Assessment and Practice in the DSM-5 and ICD-11 Era. American Psychological Association. 2022. ISBN 978-1-4338-3576-6. JSTOR j.ctv2h43b0f.

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