Nectanebo II

Nectanebo II
Nectanebo II
Nakhthorheb
	Head of Nectanebo II, Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon
Pharaoh
Reign	358–340 BC
Predecessor	Teos
Successor	Artaxerxes III
Horus name
Horus name
	Mrj-tꜣwj; Merytawy; Beloved by the Two Lands
	;
	;
Nebty name
	Shrw-jb-nṯrw ; One who contents the Heart of Gods
Golden Horus
	Smn-hpw ; Creator of Laws
Prenomen (Praenomen)
	Snedjemibre Setepenanhur; Pleasing to the Heart is Ra, chosen of Onuris
Nomen
	Nḫt Ḥr n ḥbt mrj Ḥtḥr ; Nakhthor(en)hebit Meryhathor ; Strong is Horus of Hebit, the beloved of Hathor
	;
Father	Tjahapimu
Born	c. 380 BC
Died	After 340 BC
Dynasty	Thirtieth Dynasty

Nectanebo II (Egyptian: Nḫt-Ḥr-Ḥbt; Greek: Νεκτανεβώς Nectanebos) was the last native ruler of ancient Egypt, as well as the third and last pharaoh of the Thirtieth Dynasty, reigning from 358 to 340 BC.

During the reign of Nectanebo II, Egyptian artists developed a specific style that left a distinctive mark on the reliefs of the Ptolemaic Kingdom.^[6] Like his indirect predecessor Nectanebo I, Nectanebo II showed enthusiasm for many of the cults of the gods within ancient Egyptian religion, and more than a hundred Egyptian sites bear evidence of his attention.^[7]

For several years, Nectanebo II was successful in keeping Egypt safe from the Achaemenid Empire.^[8] However, he was betrayed by his former servant, Mentor of Rhodes, and ultimately defeated. The Persians occupied Memphis and then seized the rest of Egypt, incorporating the country into the Achaemenid Empire under Artaxerxes III. Nectanebo fled south.^[9] His subsequent fate is unknown.

^ Lloyd 1994, p. 358.
^ Depuydt 2010, pp. 199–201.
^ Nawotka 2017, pp. 37–38.
^ Pascual 2013, p. 42.
^ Akyeampong, Emmanuel K.; Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (2012). Dictionary of African Biographies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195382075. Retrieved 17 December 2017 – via Google Books.
^ Myśliwiec 2000, p. 173.
^ Grimal, Nicolas; Shaw, Ian; Grimal, Nicolas (2001). A history of ancient Egypt (Repr ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. p. 379. ISBN 978-0-631-19396-8.
^ Sharpe, Samuel (1838). The History of Egypt under the Ptolemies. London: E. Moxon. p. 19. OCLC 4523393.
^ Van de Mieroop, Marc (2011). A history of ancient Egypt. Blackwell history of the ancient world. Chichester, West Sussex; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-6070-4. OCLC 522429289.

[FOOTNOTELloyd1994358-1] Lloyd 1994, p. 358.

[FOOTNOTEDepuydt2010199–201-2] Depuydt 2010, pp. 199–201.

[FOOTNOTENawotka201737–38-3] Nawotka 2017, pp. 37–38.

[FOOTNOTEPascual201342-4] Pascual 2013, p. 42.

[Dictionary_of_African_Biography-5] Akyeampong, Emmanuel K.; Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (2012). Dictionary of African Biographies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195382075. Retrieved 17 December 2017 – via Google Books.

[FOOTNOTEMyśliwiec2000173-6] Myśliwiec 2000, p. 173.

[7] Grimal, Nicolas; Shaw, Ian; Grimal, Nicolas (2001). A history of ancient Egypt (Repr ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. p. 379. ISBN 978-0-631-19396-8.

[8] Sharpe, Samuel (1838). The History of Egypt under the Ptolemies. London: E. Moxon. p. 19. OCLC 4523393.

[9] Van de Mieroop, Marc (2011). A history of ancient Egypt. Blackwell history of the ancient world. Chichester, West Sussex; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-6070-4. OCLC 522429289.

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